Motor Strength and Power
The levels of the MRC scale are precisely defined, but not linear. It is a common error to believe the MRC grades are evenly spaced and that grade 5 is…
The Ocular Motor Nerves
FIGURE 14.1 The extraocular muscles and the third nerve in the orbit. FIGURE 14.2 Actions of the extraocular muscles on the left eye. Arrows denote the main directions of action…
The Optic Nerve
FIGURE 13.1 The layers of the retina and their relationship to the optic nerve. The inner limiting membrane is the most superficial structure; light must pass through the other layers…
The Blood Supply of the Brain
FIGURE 49.1 Vascular territories. Gold, anterior cerebral artery (ACA); pink, middle cerebral artery (MCA); blue, posterior cerebral artery (PCA). (From http://rad.usuhs.edu/rad/stroke/index.html, accessed July 31, 2011, with permission). Carotid Artery Each…
Peripheral Neuroanatomy and Focal Neuropathies
FIGURE 46.1 Brachial plexus showing its various constituents and their relationship to structures in the region of the upper chest, axilla, and shoulder. The three trunks slope laterally and then…
The Facial Nerve
FIGURE 16.1 Components of the facial nerve in the pons. (Modified from Kiernan JA. Barr’s The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,…
The Deep Tendon or Muscle Stretch Reflexes
TABLE 38.2 Method of Recording the Commonly Tested Muscle Stretch Reflexes Grades 0 to 4+ (see text) used for all plantar reflex, which is down (normal), absent (0), equivocal (+/–)…
Neck and Back Pain
FIGURE 47.1 Lateral view of the cervical spine. Shows the vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs, the pedicles merging into the facet joint with its superior and inferior facets, and…
Cerebellar Function
FIGURE 43.1 A. Ventral and (B) dorsal views of the human cerebellum. See Figure 43.4 for names of lobes and lobules. FIGURE 43.2 Median longitudinal section through the human cerebellum,…
The Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear) Nerve
FIGURE 17.1 The right osseous labyrinth in the temporal bone viewed from above. FIGURE 17.2 The right osseous labyrinth, lateral view. The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, a thin…
