Other Musculoskeletal Disorders
FIGURE 48.1 Lippman’s test; moving the biceps tendon back and forth in the bicipital groove reproduces the pain in biceps tendonitis. (From Cipriano, JJ. Photographic Manual of Regional Orthopaedic and…
The Spinal Accessory Nerve
FIGURE 19.1 Relationship of the cranial and spinal portions of the accessory nerve to the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The major part of CN XI is the spinal portion (ramus…
The Autonomic Nervous System
FIGURE 45.1 General arrangement of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic components are shown in red, the parasympathetic component in blue. (From Snell R. Clinical Neuroanatomy. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters…
The Spinal Cord Level
FIGURE 24.1 The relationship of the spinal cord segments and spinal nerves to the vertebral bodies and spinous processes. In newborns, the spinal cord may extend as far caudally as…
Brainstem and Multiple Cranial Nerve Syndromes
CN, cranial nerve; CST, corticospinal tract; ICP, inferior cerebellar peduncle; LST, lateral spinothalamic tract; ML, medial lemniscus; PICA, posterior inferior cerebellar artery; SCM, sternocleidomastoid; ST, solitary tract. Wallenberg described the…
The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves
FIGURE 18.1 Section through the medulla at the level of the inferior olivary nucleus. CN IX exits the skull through the jugular foramen, lateral and anterior to CNs X and…
The Motor Unit Level
FIGURE 23.1 The motor unit. An alpha motor neuron in the anterior horn gives rise to an axon, which branches and arborizes in the periphery to innervate scattered muscle fibers…
Muscle Volume and Contour
FIGURE 29.1 A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis showing advanced atrophy of the muscles of the hands and shoulders. Involvement of nerve roots, plexus elements, or peripheral nerves leads to…
Miscellaneous Neurologic Signs
FIGURE 52.1 Opisthotonos in a patient suffering from tetanus; painting by Sir Charles Bell, 1809. Dr. Bell was a noted artist as well as physician. (see Chapter 16.) Stiffness and…
Disorders of Speech and Language
Lesions of the cerebral centers and connections that subserve language function may cause aphasia, an abnormality of language, even though the articulation mechanisms may be intact. Mutism is a total…
