Brain Tumors
Fig. 14.1 Herniation syndromes Uncal herniation occurs when a lateral hemisphere mass displaces the medial edge of the uncus and hippocampal gyrus through the tentorium. Initially there is dilation of…
Disorders of the Extrapyramidal System
Fig. 12.1 Illustration of surround inhibition. The brain produces the desired motor pattern while simultaneously creating a surround inhibition of competing motor movements Movement disorders or extrapyramidal disorders are diseases…
Disorders of Pain and Headache
Focal (or multifocal) lesions of peripheral nervous system Entrapment syndromes such as carpal tunnel syndrome Ischemic neuropathy Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia Vasculitis syndromes Polyneuropathies Diabetes mellitus HIV…
Cardiac Arrest, Coma, and Cerebral Death
Supratentorial structural (20 % of total) Infratentorial structural (15 % of total) Metabolic and diffuse brain dysfunction (65 % of total) Head trauma Contusion with brain swelling Subdural/epidural hematoma Cerebrovascular…
Disorders of Higher Cortical Function
Fig. 11.1 Primary, secondary, and tertiary multimodal association cortices, and paralimbic regions Fig. 11.2 Location of brain lesions causing different types of aphasia (left hemisphere) Tertiary association cortex is a…
Disorders of Muscle
Proximal greater than distal weakness Symmetrical weakness Muscle atrophy proportional to degree of weakness Muscle may feel doughy to palpation Hypotonic muscle Weakness slowly progresses Weakness rarely painful Loss of…
Disorders of the Brainstem and Cerebellum
Brainstem location Signs/symptoms Possible structures Midbrain Upward eye movement, superior oblique weakness, and pupil constriction dysfunction CN III, IV Contralateral arm and leg weakness Midbrain or pontine corticospinal tract Contralateral…
Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
Fig. 5.1 In myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine receptor antibody blocks the acetylcholine-binding site Fig. 5.2 Neuromuscular junction. a Normal. b Myasthenia gravis with simplified post-synaptic membrane The majority of early-onset, AchR…
Sleep Disorders
Non REM sleep REM sleep Wakefulness Sensation and perception Absent or dull Vivid but internally generated Vivid but externally generated Movement Limited, episodic and involuntary Dream commanded Continuous and…
Seizures and Status Epilepticus
Age range Major causes Infant Birth injury, hypoxia/ischemia, congenital malformations, congenital infection Childhood Febrile seizures, CNS infection, head trauma, birth injury, idiopathic Young adult Head trauma, drugs, withdrawal from alcohol…
