Parkinson Disease
Parkinson Disease Stanley Fahn Un Jung Kang INTRODUCTION In 1817, James Parkinson described the major clinical motor features of what today is recognized as the symptom complex known as parkinsonism,…
Huntington Disease
Huntington Disease Karen S. Marder INTRODUCTION Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) polyglutamine repeat expansion in exon 1 of the Huntington (HTT)…
Tardive Dyskinesia and Other Neuroleptic-Induced Syndromes
Tardive Dyskinesia and Other Neuroleptic-Induced Syndromes Un Jung Kang Robert E. Burke Stanley Fahn INTRODUCTION Antipsychotic drugs are commonly called neuroleptics because they often induce parkinsonism. They also cause other…
Hereditary and Acquired Ataxias
Hereditary and Acquired Ataxias Rachel Saunders-Pullman Susan B. Bressman Roger N. Rosenberg INTRODUCTION Ataxia is characterized by incoordination, and herein we describe ataxias that are due to lesions in the…
Hemifacial Spasm
Hemifacial Spasm Paul Greene INTRODUCTION In hemifacial spasm (HFS) there are involuntary contractions on one side of the face in muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) (Figs….
Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless Legs Syndrome William G. Ondo INTRODUCTION Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED), is clinically defined by the presence of four positive criteria: (1) an urge…
Tics and Tourette Syndrome
Tics and Tourette Syndrome Stanley Fahn Daphne Robakis INTRODUCTION Tics are brief, sudden, repetitive movements (motor tics) or utterances (phonic or vocal tics) that are temporarily suppressible and are usually…
