Abstract Epilepsy is one of the top three most prevalent neurological disorders worldwide, together with headache and cerebrovascular diseases. Epilepsy is defined as a disease of the brain characterized by…
Abstract Postural instability is a major problem in Parkinson’s disease (PD), being poorly responsive to l -dopa treatment. There is now hope that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine…
Abstract Direct intracerebral infusion of neurotrophic factors may represent a neuroprotective and neurorestorative therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative movement disorders, most notably Parkinson’s disease (PD). The significant majority of past research…
Abstract The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), also called the pterygopalatine ganglion, is the switching station for the final common pathway for cluster headache, may serve as the final synapse in the…
Abstract Most people experience trivial movements of their facial muscles during daily life. These are often barely recognizable, but they sometimes imply pathological conditions that require appropriate treatments. Hemifacial spasm…
Abstract Tourette syndrome (TS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder with an unknown etiology characterized by motor and vocal tics. The onset of tics occurs most commonly in early childhood around…
Abstract Dystonia is etiologically classified as primary versus secondary based on the absence or presence, respectively, of an identifiable underlying cause. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) at the internal globus pallidus…
Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the motor thalamus has over 30 years of proven efficacy in the treatment of both essential and Parkinsonian tremor. While thalamic stimulation has been…
Abstract As a result of advances in technology and technique, and in response to unacceptable, tragic, and widely publicized violations of proper compounding procedure and practice, clear standards and requirements…
Abstract Intrathecal delivery of opiates directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the oldest technique for the delivery of anesthetics to the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the long empirical…
