10.1055/b-0034-82077 1 History of Endoscopic Spine Surgery As the understanding of human physiology has become more complete, the importance of preserving normal tissues has become increasingly clear in the field…
10.1055/b-0034-82085 9 Complications in Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Diskectomy The percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy (PECD) is considered a relatively safe procedure because there are not many complications associated with it. Through…
10.1055/b-0034-82081 5 Anesthesia Percutaneous endoscopic diskectomy differs from other spinal operations in that it presents particular demands for anesthesiology: Limited endoscopic field Poor tactile feedback obtained from long endoscopic tools…
10.1055/b-0034-82082 6 Applied Anatomy for Percutaneous Approaches to the Cervical Spine To understand the surgical technique of percutaneous endoscopic cervical diskectomy (PECD) and to produce successful outcomes, it is imperative…
10.1055/b-0034-82086 10 Applied Anatomy and Percutaneous Approaches to the Thoracic Spine History Jacobaeus, a professor of internal medicine in Stockholm, Sweden, is credited with performing the first thoracoscopic procedure in…
10.1055/b-0034-82080 4 Selection and Use of Lasers and Their Safety In 1905, Dr. Albert Einstein introduced the concept of a photon as a constituent of light. This opened the door…
10.1055/b-0034-82079 3 Operating Room Setup In the recent trend of minimally invasive and image-guided surgeries, the demand to redesign the conventional operating suite is increasing day by day. The common…
10.1055/b-0034-80462 Endovascular Management of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous FistulasHurley, Michael C., Dabus, Guilherme, Shaibani\, Ali, Russell\, Eric J., Bendok\, Bernard R. Pearls Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are both a result and…
10.1055/b-0034-80457 Management of Vertebral Artery Origin StenosisDalfino, John C., Boulos, Alan S. Pearls Most posterior circulation strokes are embolic, not hemodynamic. The first-line treatment of vertebral artery stenosis is usually…
10.1055/b-0034-80461 Cranial Arteriovenous Malformation EmbolizationHu, Yin C., Newman, C. Benjamin, McDougall\, Cameron G., Albuquerque\, Felipe C. Pearls Cranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a heterogeneous group of intracranial vascular lesions that…
