10.1055/b-0034-85235 Neurological measurements: Walking 10-meter walk test (10MWT) [1] Description Measure of time in seconds to walk 10 meters. Interpretation The greater the time, the greater the disability. Clinical relevance…
10.1055/b-0034-85234 Neurological measurements: Autonomic ASIA impairment scale—autonomic Description Muscle strength grading: 0—Total paralysis 1—Palpable or visible contraction 2—Active movement, full range of motion, gravity eliminated 3—Active movement, full range of…
10.1055/b-0034-85233 Neurological measurements: Tone and reflexes National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) myotactic reflex scale Description A measurement of deep tendon reflexes. A 5-point scale that ranges from…
10.1055/b-0034-85232 Neurological measurements: Sensory American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale—sensory Description Incorporates a summed score for all dermatomes using light touch and pin prick. Scored on a 0 (no…
10.1055/b-0034-85228 Range of motion: Cervical spine-specific Flexion/extension Description Active: Patient moves head forward (chin to chest) to measure flexion. Patient looks to the ceiling above to measure extension. A spatula…
10.1055/b-0034-85227 Range of motion: Types Visual estimation Description Measuring passive or active range of motion by visual estimation only, without a measuring device. Interpretation A qualitative assessment that is based…
10.1055/b-0034-85225 How the spine measurements are displayed in this book The purpose of this book is to provide the clinician or researcher with a user-friendly display of many of the…
10.1055/b-0034-85224 Methods for identifying and evaluating quality spine measurements In our previous two books, Spine Outcomes Measures and Instruments and Spine Classification and Severity Measures, the measures that we attempted…
10.1055/b-0035-106402 27 Deformity Prevention and Correction: Complex Clinical Strategies The component strategies addressed in Chapter 26 are often effective for simple deformities. However, more complex pathologies may require a combination…
10.1055/b-0035-106390 15 Implant–Bone Interfaces A variety of interfaces between bone and surgically applied implants are used clinically. In spine surgery, there are five fundamental types of implant–bone interfaces: (1) abutting…
