Fig. 12.1 Representative confocal 3-dimensional reconstructed images showing GFAP-immunoreactivity (IR) astrocytes in the (DG), cornus ammonis 1 (CA1) and cortex (EC) of animals at 3 months (a, e and i),…
Fig. 14.1 Magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with malignant glioma. a Axial T1-weighted image reveals water-containing tissue as hypo-intense. Central hypo-intense area is consistent with necrosis. b T2-weighted MRI…
Fig. 9.1 Stages in the drug discovery process. The drug discovery process often begins with the selection of a target using a variety of validation criteria. High-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns…
Fig. 15.1 Acute hyperammoniemia resulting from liver failure results in astrocyte swelling. A representative electron micrograph showing swelling of a perivascular astrocyte (Ast) from a patient with acute liver failure…
Fig. 20.1 Satellite glial cells (SGCs), shown by confocal microscopy. A single SGC (*) was injected with the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow, and the dye passed via gap junctions to…
Fig. 8.1 space-dependent spatial K+ buffering. Activity in a group of neurons has produced local increase in [K+]o to 12 mM (shaded area, left). This provokes a more positive membrane potential…
Fig. 3.1 Morphological metabolic coupling between the presynaptic terminal and the astrocytic process, i.e., glial microdomain (Grosche et al. 1999), but with a new metabolic course. These two compartments are…
Fig. 18.1 Metabolic pathway of adenosine. See text for details; NT, nucleoside transporter Both neurons and glia can influence extracellular adenosine concentration. Direct evidence demonstrating that astrocytes are a source…
Chemical class Toxic molecule Animal models Supporting evidence from human ALS cases Reference Amino acids Glutamatea hSOD1G85R mice hSOD1G93A mice TDP-43M337V rats TBPH depleted or over-expressing Drosophila Defective uptake in…
Fig. 7.1 Pyramidal neurons that do not express any functional membrane-bound aquaporins are osmoresistant. In contrast, aquaporin rich astrocytes are clearly osmoresponsive. Two photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) imaging of…
