Fig. 1.1 (I) Initial observation that repeated electroconvulsive shocks induce self-sustaining SE in rats. Representative electrographic recordings from skull screw electrodes in paralyzed and O2-ventilated rats maintained in good acid-base…
Fig. 22.1 Example of management pathway for pediatric status epilepticus Status Epilepticus Management: Diagnostic Considerations Medical stabilization is critical as part of the management of SE. The Neurocritical Care Society’s…
Agent Proposed mechanism High risk agents Antipsychoticsa D1 agonists and D2 antagonists are proconvulsant. Antagonism of α1-receptors, agonism of α2-receptors, and inhibition of histamine-1 receptors may promote seizure activity Flumazenila…
Degree Time from last ethanol consumption (hours) Presenting clinical signs and symptoms A. Mild sympathomimetic symptoms 6–12 Tremors, diaphoresis, hyperthermia, nausea/vomiting, hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, mydriasis B. Alcoholic hallucinosis (25%) 12–24…
© Springer International Publishing AG 2017Panayiotis N. Varelas and Jan Claassen (eds.)Seizures in Critical CareCurrent Clinical Neurology10.1007/978-3-319-49557-6_17 17. Infection or Inflammation and Critical Care Seizures Andrew C. Schomer1 , Wendy Ziai2 , Mohammed Rehman3 and Barnett R. Nathan4 (1) Division of Neurocritical Care,…
PREC defined as: Blood pressure Greater than or equal to 140 mmHg systolic or greater than or equal to 90 mmHg diastolic on two occasions at least 4 h apart…
History of epilepsy Breakthrough seizures Low AED level Acute or chronic cerebrovascular disease Ischemic stroke ICH, SAH, SDH, EDH Venous sinus thrombosis Malignancy Solid neoplasm (primary or metastatic) Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis…
Hemorrhagic stroke subtype Estimated risk of seizure (%) Cerebral venous thrombosis 47–50 Cavernous malformation 23–79 Arteriovenous malformation 16–53 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 1.1–25 Hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic stroke 12 Intracerebral hemorrhage 8…
Fig. 6.1 Invasive multimodality monitoring “bundle” in a patient in the neurointensive care unit. (a) External view of the patient’s head with microdialysis and rCBF probes in the foreground and…
CNS Tissue hypoxia (decreased O2 delivery and increased demand) Cerebral edema (angiogenic and cytotoxic) Increased CBF-CMRO2 Increased intracranial pressure CSF pleocytosis Hemorrhage Cerebral venous thrombosis Cardiovascular Hypertension followed by hypotension…
