FIGURE 8.1 Summary of important areas involved in human locomotion. Shaded areas are hypothesized to be important in the development of HLGDs. CPGs, central patterns generators; HLGD, high-level gait disorder; MLR,…
A. Structural causes Structural etiologies of altered mental status can be caused by trauma, anoxic-ischemic injury, hemorrhages, infarctions, neoplasms, and hydrocephalus. Trauma can result in hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic brain contusions or…
FIGURE 33.1 Factors that are associated with origination of a functional neurologic disorder. Predisposing factors are general factors in life that cause susceptibility. Precipitating factors trigger the onset of symptoms. Perpetuating…
(Video 10.1). As the term “relative” explicitly states, an RAPD refers to a defect in the pupillary reaction to light of one eye relative to the other, and therefore bilateral…
6. Dysphagia is rarely present in isolation when due to an underlying neurologic disease. Thus, changes in vision, speech, strength, coordination, and sensation should be explored. Speech changes are particularly useful…
Video 53.1). In contrast, patients with MG tend not to complain of “generalized weakness,” “generalized fatigue,” “sleepiness,” or muscle pain. In the classic case, fluctuating weakness is worse with exercise…
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT HISTORY A thorough history is the most important element in the evaluation of a patient with chronic or recurrent headache. Temporal profiling assessing frequency and duration of headaches…
FIGURE 12.1 The three-step test in a patient with a right fourth nerve palsy. Note the right hypertropia is greater on left gaze and with right head tilt. Step 2. Record…
(Video 23.1) B. Physical examination. 1. Acute low back pain. Examination of a patient with acute low back pain should begin with inspection and palpation of the low back. Paravertebral muscle spasms…
