Re-establishing Blood Flow After Intravascular Thrombosis
(1) Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK Preamble As the reader may guess from the title of this tutorial, its focus is the management of ischaemic…
Embolisation for Epistaxis
(1) Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK Preamble This tutorial is an example of the use of embolisation in a particular (and relatively easily defined) medical…
Complications
(1) Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK Preamble Out of a clear blue sky, when least expected, they come. You set sentries against them and do…
Control of Intravascular Thrombosis
(1) Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK Preamble This tutorial, as Chap. 5, has been written by a specialist tutor. In this case, Dr. Paul Giangrande…
RF for Treatments of Malignant Lesions
11.1 Introduction About 1.4 million patients are diagnosed with cancer annually in the USA alone, 70 % of whom will eventually develop bone metastasis [1]. The spine is the…
Principle of RF in Medicine
Fig. 2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous wave spectrum including energy forces with common characteristics differing however in terms of frequency Radiofrequency energy is characterized by a frequency between…
RFN on Lumbar Facet Joint
Fig. 7.1 Oblique fluoroscopy view (“Scottie dog” projection): Facet joint consists of the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra (forming the joint’s medial part – white line) and the…
RF for Treatment of Cervical Disk Herniation
Fig. 4.1 (a) A 58-year-old female patient. Magnetic resonance imaging shows a contained central disk (C5–C6) herniation. Compression of the spinal cord is also due to a heavy inflammatory reaction…
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Spine
Fig. 1.1 Spine stability is guaranteed by the strict connection between three systems: column, muscles and central nervous system. Their activities are regulated on the basis of the reciprocal feedbacks…
Cervical and Lumbar Facet RFA: Evidence and Indications
Fig. 6.1 PET/CT scan, coronal reconstruction illustrating a right C4–C5 facet joint which is FDG avid Standard and dynamic X-rays define normal and pathological curves of the spine. Spine and…
