Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction Elizabeth Heada,*; Mark Mapstoneb; Ira T. Lottb,c a Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United Statesb Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine,…
Oxidative stress and mTOR in Down syndrome brain: Link to Alzheimer’s dysmetabolism, neuropathology, and possible therapies
Genetics of oxidative stress in Down syndrome Growing studies support the hypothesis that oxidative stress (OS) contributes to neurodevelopmental defects, neuronal dysfunction, as well as the accelerated aging phenotype of…
PET imaging in Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease
Introduction Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are at extremely high risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with the vast majority of adults with DS developing AD neuropathology by 40 years of…
Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers for cognitive decline in Down syndrome
Introduction The link between Down syndrome (DS), aging, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is well established (see Chapter 1). In people with DS, dementia prevalence increases with age. In those who…
The role of cerebrovascular disease in aging and Alzheimer’s disease among people with Down syndrome
Introduction In the general population there are dramatic individual differences in the severity of cerebrovascular disease with increasing age that promote cognitive decline and clinical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)…
Sleep in aging adults with Down syndrome and its association with Alzheimer’s disease
Obstructive sleep apnea in adults with DS Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is among the most frequent sleep problems in individuals with DS and has been found to increase with age…
Future directions
Keywords Biomarkers; Cerebrovascular; Clinical trials; Genetics; Neuroimaging; Neuropathology; Neuropsychology Two decades ago, if charged with the task of indicating future directions for research into Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer’s disease…
Clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome
Clinical trials—An overview Clinical trials generally evaluate therapeutics in four phases before a new drug can be approved for use in the clinic. Each of these phases has a different…
The contribution of inflammation to Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome
Introduction Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, affecting approximately 16 per 10,000 live births in the United States [1–3] (see Chapter 1). DS is…
Fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease in Down syndrome: Current status and novel trends
Introduction As mentioned in Chapter 1, people with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology by 40 years of age (Chapter 2), and in most, dementia develops in their…
