Author (reference) Animal System Age/injection site Proliferation (RTK/KRAS/PI3K) Apoptosis (p53/ARF) Cell cycle (Rb/INK4) Best combined penetrance Holland et al. 2000 [13] Mice RCAS Neonatal/R frontal AKT, KRAS 26 % Dai…
Fig. 1 Behavioral tests for the functional recovery after rubrospinal tract transection. (a) Photo showing the symmetrical use of both forelimbs of the rat during vertical exploration of the cylinder…
Stroke type Percentage (% of each category) Ischemic 85 Carotid artery circulation 55 Vertebral/basilar artery circulation 12 Lacune 31 Other (vasculopathy, coagulopathy, sickle cell, hyperviscosity, vasculitis) 2 Hemorrhagic 14 Hypertensive…
Frontal lobe Wechsler memory scale Milan sorting test Porteus maze test Parietal lobe Wechsler block design Benton figure copying test Temporal lobe Halstead–Reitan battery (parts) Milner’s maze learning task Intelligence…
Fever Acute or subacute onset Headache Focal or diffuse symptoms and signs depend on location of infections (see Table 13.2) Elevated white blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate Increased frequency in…
Fig. 7.1 Diagram of spinal cord and vertebral bodies Spinal cord dysfunction results from traumatic, inflammatory, demyelinating, ischemic, nutritional, malignant, and degenerative conditions. Diseases affecting the spinal cord usually present…
Task Instructions Scoring Date orientation “Tell me the date?” Ask for omitted items One point each for year, season, date, day of week, and month 5 Place orientation “Where are…
Vestibular system (25 %) Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Meniere’s disease Vestibular neuritis Chronic labyrinthine imbalance from poorly understood causes Proprioceptive system (15 %) Distal sensory peripheral neuropathy (diabetes, alcohol, toxins)…
Eye opening Motor response Verbal response Response Score Response Score Response Score Spontaneous 4 Obeys 6 Oriented 5 To speech 3 Localizes 5 Confused 4 To pain 2 Withdraws 4…
Genetic mutations Mutations primarily affecting gray matter (neurons) Tay–Sachs disease Mutations primarily affecting white matter (myelin and their cells of origin) Adrenoleukodystrophy Krabbe disease Unbalanced chromosomes (from duplications or deletions)…
