Fig. 19.1 Time course of alcohol withdrawal Intoxication and Alcoholic Coma Ethanol readily crosses the blood–brain barrier , enabling the brain alterations to begin soon after drinking. Signs of intoxication…
Fig. 14.1 Herniation syndromes Uncal herniation occurs when a lateral hemisphere mass displaces the medial edge of the uncus and hippocampal gyrus through the tentorium. Initially there is dilation of…
Fig 10.1 Pathologic specimen showing MS plaques ( arrows) (Courtesy of Mario Kornfeld, MD) The main physiologic effect of demyelination is to impede saltatory electrical conduction of nerve impulses jumping…
Fig. 12.1 Illustration of surround inhibition. The brain produces the desired motor pattern while simultaneously creating a surround inhibition of competing motor movements Movement disorders or extrapyramidal disorders are diseases…
Supratentorial structural (20 % of total) Infratentorial structural (15 % of total) Metabolic and diffuse brain dysfunction (65 % of total) Head trauma Contusion with brain swelling Subdural/epidural hematoma Cerebrovascular…
Focal (or multifocal) lesions of peripheral nervous system Entrapment syndromes such as carpal tunnel syndrome Ischemic neuropathy Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia Vasculitis syndromes Polyneuropathies Diabetes mellitus HIV…
Fig. 11.1 Primary, secondary, and tertiary multimodal association cortices, and paralimbic regions Fig. 11.2 Location of brain lesions causing different types of aphasia (left hemisphere) Tertiary association cortex is a…
Brainstem location Signs/symptoms Possible structures Midbrain Upward eye movement, superior oblique weakness, and pupil constriction dysfunction CN III, IV Contralateral arm and leg weakness Midbrain or pontine corticospinal tract Contralateral…
Proximal greater than distal weakness Symmetrical weakness Muscle atrophy proportional to degree of weakness Muscle may feel doughy to palpation Hypotonic muscle Weakness slowly progresses Weakness rarely painful Loss of…
Fig. 5.1 In myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine receptor antibody blocks the acetylcholine-binding site Fig. 5.2 Neuromuscular junction. a Normal. b Myasthenia gravis with simplified post-synaptic membrane The majority of early-onset, AchR…
