Fig. 18.1 Transport of water, gases, and electrolytes across the blood–brain barrier. Small lipophilic molecules passively diffuse through endothelial cells, while the transport of electrolytes and water is tightly regulated…

Fig. 13.1 DWI MRI of the brain 29 h later demonstrating diffuse abnormalities, especially in the basal ganglia, thalamus, insular and occipital cortices Fig. 13.2 DWI MRI of the brain…

Fig. 5.1 SD and IEE. (a) SD is observed as a large negative DC shift (first trace, full-band recording between 0 and 45 Hz). (A) shows the amplitude and (B)…

Fig. 3.1 Incidence of nonconvulsive seizures in different populations of critically ill children and adults. The confidence intervals were not reported by the studies, but were calculated based on the…

Study Type of study No of patients Type of stroke Total seizures Early seizures Late seizures Epilepsy Louis and McDowell [10] R 1000 Isc 7.7% 3.3% 2.7% 3% early, 81%…

Fig. 11.1 CT examples of findings associated with post-traumatic seizures . (a) Right subdural hematoma. (b) Left frontal contusion. (c) Multiple skull fractures Other factors that can predispose to the…

Grade Symptoms 0 No abnormality present I Short-term memory loss, reversal of sleep/wake cycle II Asterixis, apathy, inappropriate behavior, confusion, lethargy III Stupor, marked confusion, incoherent speech IV Comatose Adapted…

Fig. 12.1 A 63-year-old man with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsils to the brain. Patient had two large metastases, one in the right parieto-occipital area (resected, with recurrence)…

Transplant organ Incidence of seizures (%) Liver 4–8 [79–82] Bone marrow transplant 2–20 [2–3, 83–85] Heart 2–9 [76, 86–88] Kidney 2–6 [1, 89] Lung 6–10 [90–91] Pancreas 13 [92] Intestinal…

Fig. 1.1 (I) Initial observation that repeated electroconvulsive shocks induce self-sustaining SE in rats. Representative electrographic recordings from skull screw electrodes in paralyzed and O2-ventilated rats maintained in good acid-base…