Fig. 14.1 Magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with malignant glioma. a Axial T1-weighted image reveals water-containing tissue as hypo-intense. Central hypo-intense area is consistent with necrosis. b T2-weighted MRI…
Fig. 9.1 Stages in the drug discovery process. The drug discovery process often begins with the selection of a target using a variety of validation criteria. High-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns…
Fig. 15.1 Acute hyperammoniemia resulting from liver failure results in astrocyte swelling. A representative electron micrograph showing swelling of a perivascular astrocyte (Ast) from a patient with acute liver failure…
Fig. 20.1 Satellite glial cells (SGCs), shown by confocal microscopy. A single SGC (*) was injected with the fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow, and the dye passed via gap junctions to…
Fig. 8.1 space-dependent spatial K+ buffering. Activity in a group of neurons has produced local increase in [K+]o to 12 mM (shaded area, left). This provokes a more positive membrane potential…
Fig. 3.1 Morphological metabolic coupling between the presynaptic terminal and the astrocytic process, i.e., glial microdomain (Grosche et al. 1999), but with a new metabolic course. These two compartments are…
Fig. 18.1 Metabolic pathway of adenosine. See text for details; NT, nucleoside transporter Both neurons and glia can influence extracellular adenosine concentration. Direct evidence demonstrating that astrocytes are a source…
Chemical class Toxic molecule Animal models Supporting evidence from human ALS cases Reference Amino acids Glutamatea hSOD1G85R mice hSOD1G93A mice TDP-43M337V rats TBPH depleted or over-expressing Drosophila Defective uptake in…
Fig. 7.1 Pyramidal neurons that do not express any functional membrane-bound aquaporins are osmoresistant. In contrast, aquaporin rich astrocytes are clearly osmoresponsive. Two photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) imaging of…
Fig. 21.1 Schematic representation of the unique environments within the gut wall. The innermost, toward the center of the gut tube, is the mucosa (Muc) with a thin muscle layer,…
