Fig. 14.1 Midline sagittal T2-weighted MRI images from 8-month-old (top) and 8-year-old (bottom) Cavalier King Charles spaniels with Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. The 8-year-old dog is asymptomatic and syringomyelia was…

Fig. 22.1 Pan and Syrinx, Bernard Salomon, 1552 (Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel) The third scene, portrayed just to the right of the second, shifts the illustration into obliquely related realms….

Fig. 4.1 Gastrulation and primary neurulation Embryo stages from development of Hensen’s node on day 13 to closure of anterior neuropore on day 25 4.1.2 Primary Neurulation Further development of…

Fig. 11.1 Typical MR appearances of post-traumatic syringomyelia (Reproduced with kind permission of the Ann Conroy Trust) It is important to distinguish primary, post-traumatic cysts from true syringomyelia cavities. The…

Fig. 10.1 (a) Preoperative T2-weighted MRI of a patient with Chiari I malformation. The image demonstrates a small posterior fossa, a slight caudal displacement of the tentorial insertion (arrow) and…

Charles-Prosper Ollivier d’Angers 23.3 John Cleland John Cleland was born in 1835. He studied medicine in Edinburgh, becoming a doctor in 1856. He was appointed as Professor of Anatomy in…

Fig. 13.1 Sagittal T1-weighted MRI. Note the Chiari I malformation (long arrow) and cervical syrinx (short arrow) Fig. 13.2 Sagittal T2-weighted MRI. Note the Chiari I malformation (long arrow) and…

Fig. 19.1 MR image of a “cleft” or “spindle ”. This T2-weighted midline sagittal MRI of the cervical spine shows a typical cleft (long arrow) behind the body of C7….

Fig. 9.1 Chiari 0 malformation and congenital atlanto-occipital fusion. T1-weighted midsagittal MRI in a 62-year-old woman with headache, dizziness and back pain (a) demonstrates that the cerebellar tonsils extend 4…

  Plasma ECF/ISF ICF CSF Syrinxa Sodium (mM) 135–145 138–142 5–15 135–154 145–150 Potassium (mM) 3.4–4.7 3.8–5 135–155 2.6–3.1 2.6–2.8 pH 7.35–7.45 7.44  7.3–7.6  Chloride (mM) 99–108 118 9.0 115–130…