The Deep Tendon or Muscle Stretch Reflexes
TABLE 38.2 Method of Recording the Commonly Tested Muscle Stretch Reflexes Grades 0 to 4+ (see text) used for all plantar reflex, which is down (normal), absent (0), equivocal (+/–)…
The Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear) Nerve
FIGURE 17.1 The right osseous labyrinth in the temporal bone viewed from above. FIGURE 17.2 The right osseous labyrinth, lateral view. The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, a thin…
The Trigeminal Nerve
FIGURE 15.1 Section through the pons at the level of the trigeminal nuclei. The Motor Portion Upper motor neuron control of trigeminal motor functions arises primarily from the lower third…
Other Musculoskeletal Disorders
FIGURE 48.1 Lippman’s test; moving the biceps tendon back and forth in the bicipital groove reproduces the pain in biceps tendonitis. (From Cipriano, JJ. Photographic Manual of Regional Orthopaedic and…
Diagnostic Reasoning and Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
Errors in clinical reasoning can lead to a variety of adverse consequences. A common error in diagnostic reasoning is accepting a diagnosis before it is fully verified (premature closure). Kassirer…
Abnormalities of Movement
Parkinson’s Disease PD is due to a degeneration of neurons in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. It is the second most common movement disorder behind essential tremor (ET), affecting about 1%…
Cerebellar Function
FIGURE 43.1 A. Ventral and (B) dorsal views of the human cerebellum. See Figure 43.4 for names of lobes and lobules. FIGURE 43.2 Median longitudinal section through the human cerebellum,…
Pathologic Reflexes
EHL, extensor hallucis longus. TABLE 40.2 Other Lower-Extremity Pathologic Reflexes TABLE 40.3 Other Upper-Extremity Pathologic Reflexes FCR, flexor carpi radials; MCP, metacarpophalangeal; PL, palmaris longus. The terms frontal release signs…
An Overview of Brainstem and Cranial Nerve Anatomy
FIGURE 11.1 The sulcus limitans divides the neural tube into the dorsal alar plate, which contains sensory neuroblasts, and the ventral basal plate, which contains motor neuroblasts. In the brainstem,…
The Examination in Coma
CHF, congestive heart failure; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; ETOH, ethanol; GI, gastrointestinal; GU, genitourinary; ICP, intracranial pressure; MI, myocardial infarction; RMSF, Rocky Mountain spotted fever; SAH, subarachnoid…
