Cervical venous ultrasound
Figure 23.1 Color-coded duplex sonography of three different segments of the internal jugular vein (IJV) using cross-sectional insonation planes: the smaller cranial segment lateral of the internal carotid artery (ICA)…
Microembolic signal detection
Figure 15.1 Arterial anatomy from the aorta to the arteries of the head. © CAT grafika. Internal carotid arteries (ICAs): these large arteries are the main branches of the common…
Intracranial perfusion imaging
Figure 13.1 Real-time display of brain perfusion with low MI perfusion imaging of the brain on a Philips IU22 platform using a 1- to 5-MHz dynamic pulsed-array transducer. (A) The…
Cervical artery dissection
Figure 7.1 Cervical MRI (axial plane and T1 fat suppression technique). (A) Vertebral artery dissection. (B) Bilateral internal carotid artery dissections. Arrows indicate semilunar signal hyperintensities representing intramural hematoma. MRI…
Ultrasound of the nerves
Figure 26.1 Normal median nerve (arrows) in the middle of the forearm. Notice the honeycomb-like echotexture in the transversal (A) and the fascicular echotexture in the longitudinal (B) scan. FDS…
Extracranial and intracranial collateral pathways
Figure 11.1 Wave form of the V2 segment of the vertebral artery with progressive luminal narrowing of the subclavian artery [2]. Stepwise development of retrograde flow: decelerated upstroke (A), systolic…
Right-to-left shunt detection
Figure 16.1 Cardiac right-to-left shunt (atrial septal defect) is demonstrated using color Doppler transesophageal echocardiography. Focused questions How is a cTCD study for RLS detection usually performed? Which cTCD findings…
Vasomotor reactivity
Figure 18.1 The CBF remains relatively constant during variations of cerebral perfusion pressure. (From Szatmári et al. Critical Care 2010;14:R50.) Figure 18.2 The measurement of cerebrovascular reserve capacity. (From Centre…
Atherosclerotic vertebral artery disease
Figure 6.1 Most frequent types of vertebrobasilar (VB) occlusive disease. Insets: (1a) Cerebral small vessel disease of pontine perforator by atherolipohyalinosis (inset: cross section of the lesion). (1B) Atheroma of…
Acute ischemic stroke
Figure 12.1 Acute internal carotid artery (ICA) thrombosis originally diagnosed by cervical duplex ultrasound (A, C, D) and subsequently confirmed by digital subtraction angiography (B). Note the presence of isoechoic…
