Fig. 28.1 Positioning of a single-voxel in the bilateral posteromedial parietal cortex for study with frontal, sagittal, and axial slices. The area explored includes the posterior cingulate gyrus To date,…
Fig. 12.1 Minerals and trace elements: relationship with cognition, brain function, Parkinson and Alzheimer disease and other diseases such as Friedreich ataxia Consideration should be taken into account regarding…
Fig. 23.1 Comparative graphic of the amphetamine and phenethylamine molecules. Note the similarity of the molecular structure Other groups have reported a reduction in phenylacetic acid levels measured in urine,…
Fig. 16.1 Visual and acoustic avoidance conditioning. Bars represent the percentages of conditioned avoidance responses for 50 trials. The values are the mean ± SEM. of 8–10 animals on each group. For…
Fig. 27.1 (a) Total volume of the brain by morphometry comparing patients and normal controls of the same age and sex. (b) Volume measurements in parietal lobe comparing patients and…
Fig. 18.1 (a) Attentional focus test when the correct stimulus has been chosen. (b) Attentional focus test when the incorrect stimulus has been chosen If that new figure is different…
Fig. 25.1 The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are heterotetramic complexes composed of four subunits, typically two NR1 subunits (with eight variants by alternative splicing of the GRIN1 gene) and two NR2…
Fig. 21.1 Histopathological changes in diffuse axonal injury: espheroids or retraction balls in injured axons in white matter. (a) hematoxylin eosin staining (×75). (b) immunohystochemistry for neurofilaments (68 KD). (c)…
Fig. 20.1 Diagrammatic representation of a classic pain pathway. In this simplified representation only the commonest of noxious stimuli have been included (chemically-triggered irritation, burning and mechanical damage) Remarkably, the…
Environmental cues Entrainment pathways Pacemarker or master clock Output pathways Effectors Circadian rhythms Light/dark cycle Social and physical activities Feeding RHT (glutamate, PACAP) Pineal gland-SCN (melatonin) Intergeniculate leaflet-SCN (neuropeptide Y)…
