Brain Tumors in the First Two Years of Life
Brain Tumors in the First Two Years of Life Nelson Moussazadeh and Mark M. Souweidane Brain tumors manifesting in children younger than 2 years comprise a unique realm of neuro-oncology….
Syringomyelia and Hydromyelia
Syringomyelia and Hydromyelia Bermans J. Iskandar, Brandon G. Rocque, and Joshua E. Medow Syringomyelia, or cystic cavitation of the spinal cord, is caused by various congenital, inflammatory, or traumatic problems…
Brain Abscess and Encephalitis
Brain Abscess 79.1.1 Overview Intraparenchymal abscesses require early diagnosis and intervention to minimize morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Because of the wide variety of potential pathogens, microbiological evidence through…
Craniovertebral Junction
Relevant Anatomy and Biomechanics The occipitoatlantoaxial complex is the most mobile and complex joint of the axial skeleton.2 Flexion and extension occur at the occipitoatlantal and the atlantoaxial articulations (▶…
Craniofacial Syndromes
Craniofacial Syndromes Richard Hayward The craniofacial syndromes are a heterogeneous group of rare conditions in which premature suture closure (craniosynostosis) occurs alongside other manifestations of disordered craniofacial development,1 as well…
Congenital Intracranial Malformations
Congenital Intracranial Malformations Jonathan D. Bui and Tien T. Nguyen Congenital malformations of the brain comprise a large and diverse set of anomalies that result in a wide range of…
Cavernous and Venous Malformations
Cavernous and Venous Malformations Edward R. Smith and R. Michael Scott Vascular malformations of the central nervous system (CNS) are a heterogeneous group of lesions that occur in both the…
The Phakomatoses
The Phakomatoses Robert P. Naftel and Ian F. Pollack The term phakomatosis was first coined by ophthalmologist Jan van der Hoeve in 1920 to compare similarities between neurofibromatosis and tuberous…
Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2
Neurofibromatosis is a descriptive term that was coined by Frederick von Recklinghausen in 1882 to characterize the cutaneous tumors of two patients that were thought to be composed of a…
Tuberculosis, Parasitic Infestations, and Fungal Infections
Tuberculosis The tide appears to be turning against tuberculosis (TB) once again; although there were 8 million new cases worldwide in 2010, with 1.1 million deaths in HIV-negative patients and…
