Retrosigmoid Craniotomy and Its Variants
Fig. 2.1 Skull model with parietomastoid and occipitomastoid sutures identified and labeled A burr hole placed just anterior to the asterion typically exposes the junction of the transverse and sigmoid…
Far Lateral Approach and Its Variants
Fig. 5.1 Head positioning incorporates four movements: anteroposterior flexion to expose the suboccipital region; contralateral flexion to bring the vertex away from the shoulder; contralateral rotation to make the suboccipital…
Epidermoid Cyst
Fig. 12.1 Axial (a), coronal (b), and sagittal (c) CT scans of the brain demonstrating a hypodense lesion located at the left CPA angle. Note the supratentorial extension of the…
Posterior and Combined Petrosal Approaches
Fig. 4.1 The skin incision is made starting from the zygomatic arch approximately 1 cm anterior to the tragus and extending superiorly just behind the hairline. The incision curves posteriorly…
Petroclival Meningiomas
Fig. 7.1 Case illustration of removal of petroclival tumor via the retrosigmoid approach. (a, b) Coronal T1-weighted MRI with gadolinium demonstrating large petrotentorial tumor. (c) Axial T1-weighted MRI with gadolinium…
Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Posterior Fossa Tumors
Fig. 6.1 Recurrent chordoma in a 61-year-old male patient. Patient underwent an upper and middle transclival EEA to remove the tumor (red arrows). A small dural invasion and opening into…
Temporospatial Encoding of Acupuncture Effects in the Brain
(2.1) For the analysis of fMRI data, the given data Y i at time index i is (2.2) where x i1 ,…, x ik is the combined effect of k…
Early fMRI Studies of Acupuncture
Fig. 1.1 Conceptual relationship between the acupoint, organ, and brain. The acupuncture effect can be evaluated via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). TCM traditional Chinese medicine 1.2 Principles of fMRI…
Findings of Acupuncture Mechanisms Using EEG and MEG
Fig. 4.1 Electrode positions and labels according to the 10–20 electrode placement system. Black circles indicate positions of the original 10–20 system, gray circles indicate additional positions introduced in the…
Targeting Mechanisms of Typical Indications of Acupuncture
Fig. 3.1 The topological map of non-drug users (a) and chronic heroin users (b) (Reprint with permission from Liu et al. 2009). The colors represented medial temporal (yellow), subcortical (purple),…
