Overview of Normal Sleep
Fig. 2.1 Waking up of the giant Kumbhakarna, brother of Ravana in the great Indian epic Ramayana (circa 1000 B.C.) by hitting him with weapons and clubs, and shouting in his…
Evolution of Sleep from Birth to Adolescence and Sleep Disorders in Children
Fig. 52.1 Obstructive apnea during REM sleep (60 s PSG epoch). The event is characterized by cessation of nasal/oral (N/O) and nasal pressure (NPRE) airflow with preserved respiratory effort (THOR and ABD)….
Evaluation and Management of RLS and PLMD
Fig. 40.1 Polysomnographic (PSG) recording showing periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) characterized by dystonic and dystonic–myoclonic electromyographic (EMG) bursts in left (LT) and right (RT) tibialis (TIBIA) and gastrocnemius (GAST)…
Neuroimaging in Normal and Abnormal Sleep
Fig. 21.1 Cerebral glucose metabolism (CGM) and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) during deep NREM sleep (first column), REM sleep (second column), and wakefulness (third column). Row a CGM quantified in…
Dreaming in Neurological Disorders
Fig. 45.1 Combined facsimile of scans in nine cases with global cessation of dreaming caused by deep frontal lesions, illustrating the strong involvement of the white matter surrounding the frontal horns…
Neurobiology of REM Sleep, NREM Sleep Homeostasis, and Gamma Band Oscillations
Fig. 5.1 Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of vigilance states (wake, NREM sleep, and REM sleep) in the rat and human. Wake in both species is characterized by cortical activation, of largely low-amplitude/fast-frequency…
Sleep Disturbances in General Medical Disorders
Congestive heart failure • Ischemic heart disease • Nocturnal angina • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Bronchial asthma, including nocturnal asthma • Peptic ulcer disease • Reflux esophagitis • Rheumatic…
Basic Circadian Timing and Sleep-Wake Regulation
Fig. 6.1 Efferent neural projections from the SCN to different brains regions and their involvement in the regulation of physiological functions. ARC arcuate nucleus; BNST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis;…
Nature, Evaluation, and Treatment of Insomnia
∙ The predominant complaint is a dissatisfaction with sleep quality or duration, associated with one or more of the following symptoms: 1. Difficulty initiating sleep 2. Difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized…
Sleep, Coma, Vegetative and Minimally Conscious States
Fig. 43.1 The two main components of consciousness: wakefulness and awareness. In most pathological and physiological states, the two components are linearly correlated along the spectrum of consciousness. In some cases,…
