Fig. 1 Glutamate neuroreceptor localization and distribution in Central Nervous System. (a) Glutamatergic pathways, (b) hypothetical tracking of glutamatergic neuronal fibers where red-colored fibers represents NMDA receptors, green—AMPA receptors, and…
Tissue or fluid X-ray absorption Color Hounsfield units Air None Black −1000 Fat Slight Black −100 to −50 Water/CSF Minimal Black 0 Serum Minimal 13–38 Unclotted blood <WM < GM Dark grey…
Fig. 1 Bioenergetics overview. Glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) together generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP, via substrate-level phosphorylation) and provide electrons to power ATP formation from the electron transport…
Fig. 1 Duplex Doppler image of the carotid bifurcation For most individuals, carotid anatomy permits ultrasound assessment of the carotid bifurcation and the proximal 2 cm of the internal carotid artery….
Fig. 1 (a) NR2 antibodies (b, ×400) staining of 5 mm coronal slices from rat with MCAo (1 h of MCAo and 24 h of reperfusion): 1—infarcted area; and 2—contralateral area, NR2 mRNA…
Fig. 1 Intraluminal placed atherosclerotic plaque during open carotid endarterectomy (a); Carotid endarterectomy with temporary indwelling shunt (arrow) (b) Recently, in addition to open surgery for brachiocephalic artery stenosis, endovascular…
Fig. 1 T2-weighed MRI for: (a) a 83-year-old female, multiple lesions in white matter seen on MRI, (b) a 76-year-old male with recurrent ischemic stroke and lesions with hemorrhagic transformation…
Fig. 1 Early schematics of a “mobile stroke unit” first developed in Homburg. Dimensions indicated in millimeters. (a) Integrated small CT, (b) operation console, (c) isolation against radiation produced by…
Fig. 1 Relationship between hyperglycemia, retinal, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disease. Hyperglycemia causes chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction leading to atherosclerosis, and ultimately end organ disease. Dynamic retinal vessel analysis allows detection…
Stroke subtype Typical clinical management Large artery atherosclerosis Antiplatelet therapy, major risk factor modification (hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking cessation) Cardioembolic Anticoagulation Small vessel occlusion (lacunar) Antiplatelet therapy, major risk factor…
