Hemifacial Spasm
Hemifacial Spasm Paul Greene INTRODUCTION In hemifacial spasm (HFS) there are involuntary contractions on one side of the face in muscles innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) (Figs….
Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless Legs Syndrome William G. Ondo INTRODUCTION Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED), is clinically defined by the presence of four positive criteria: (1) an urge…
Tics and Tourette Syndrome
Tics and Tourette Syndrome Stanley Fahn Daphne Robakis INTRODUCTION Tics are brief, sudden, repetitive movements (motor tics) or utterances (phonic or vocal tics) that are temporarily suppressible and are usually…
Essential Tremor
Essential Tremor Elan D. Louis INTRODUCTION Essential tremor (ET) is a chronic, progressive neurologic disease. The hallmark motor feature is a 4- to 12-Hz kinetic tremor (tremor occurring during voluntary…
Neurosarcoidosis
Neurosarcoidosis John C. M. Brust INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is a multisystem, granulomatous disease of unknown cause. Sarcoid granulomas resemble those of tuberculosis but lack tubercle bacilli or caseation, although central necrosis…
Autoimmune Meningitis and Encephalitis
Autoimmune Meningitis and Encephalitis Lawrence S. Honig INTRODUCTION Meningitis and encephalitis are defined as inflammatory conditions of the meninges or brain, and often occur together as meningoencephalitis, affecting both meninges…
Multiple Sclerosis and Allied Demyelinating Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis and Allied Demyelinating Diseases Claire S. Riley INTRODUCTION Among demyelinating diseases, multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common and widely recognized. It is the leading cause of nontraumatic…
Pontine and Extrapontine Myelinolysis
Pontine and Extrapontine Myelinolysis Gary L. Bernardini Elliott L. Mancall INTRODUCTION In 1959, Adams, Victor, and Mancall described a distinctive, previously unrecognized disease characterized primarily by the symmetric destruction of…
Prion Diseases
Prion Diseases Lawrence S. Honig INTRODUCTION Prion diseases are a less common group of neurodegenerative disorders. There are several disorders distinguished by clinical presentation and pathoetiologic basis but marked by…
