Genetic Testing and DNA Diagnosis
Genetic Testing and DNA Diagnosis Jill S. Goldman Jacinda B. Sampson INTRODUCTION Enormous advances in genetic technology are changing what we know about the molecular mechanisms and causes of neurologic…
Brain, Nerve, and Muscle Biopsy
Brain, Nerve, and Muscle Biopsy John F. Crary Thomas H. Brannagan III Kurenai Tanji INTRODUCTION Biopsy of nervous and muscle tissue remains a critical tool. Any potential benefits associated with…
Lumbar Puncture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis
Lumbar Puncture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Nancy J. Edwards Tareq Saad H. Almaghrabi Kiwon Lee INTRODUCTION Accessing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment—typically via lumbar puncture (LP)—is one of the key…
Sleep Studies
Sleep Studies Andrew J. Westwood Carl W. Bazil INTRODUCTION The National Institutes of Health estimate that 50 to 70 million Americans are affected by sleep problems (see Chapter 114). Sleep…
Vision, Hearing, and Balance Testing
Vision, Hearing, and Balance Testing J. Kirk Roberts INTRODUCTION As with all neurologic complaints, diagnosis begins with a proper history and physical examination. Appropriate testing supplements the examination and provides…
Electromyography, Nerve Conduction Studies, and Magnetic Stimulation
Electromyography, Nerve Conduction Studies, and Magnetic Stimulation Louis H. Weimer Clifton L. Gooch Thomas H. Brannagan III Seth L. Pullman INTRODUCTION Advances in electronics enabled clinical assessment of peripheral nerve…
Autonomic Testing
Autonomic Testing Louis H. Weimer INTRODUCTION Recognition of disorders producing autonomic dysfunction continues to increase the demand for noninvasive clinical testing in order to validate clinical diagnoses. Because autonomic systems…
Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials
Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials Nicolas Gaspard Emily J. Gilmore ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials (EPs) measure the electrical activity generated by neural structures. They allow for the functional…
Angiography and Endovascular Neuroradiology
Angiography and Endovascular Neuroradiology Charles A. Bruno Jr Daniel H. Sahlein INTRODUCTION Interventional neuroradiology (INR) or endovascular surgical neuroradiology (ESNR) encompasses all invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for diseases, often…
Neurovascular Ultrasound
Neurovascular Ultrasound Tatjana Rundek INTRODUCTION Neurovascular ultrasound includes two major ultrasound imaging technologies: extracranial ultrasound (duplex ultrasound or Color Doppler) and transcranial ultrasound (transcranial Doppler). Together, these techniques provide a…
