Cranial Nerve V (The Trigeminal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve V (The Trigeminal Nerve) Anatomy of Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve) The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve that provides sensory innervation to the face and mucous membranes…
General Principles of Neurologic Localization
General Principles of Neurologic Localization Introduction Fittingly, a book on localization in clinical neurology should begin with a chapter explaining what the term localization means. Localization derives from the Latin…
Cranial Nerve VII (The Facial Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VII (The Facial Nerve) Anatomy of Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve) Cranial nerve VII (the facial nerve) (Fig. 10.1) is a mixed nerve with both motor and sensory…
Cranial Nerve XI (The Spinal Accessory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve XI (The Spinal Accessory Nerve) Anatomy of Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve) This purely motor nerve (Fig. 13.1) [8,51] originates partly from the medulla (cranial part or…
Cranial Nerve XII (The Hypoglossal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve XII (The Hypoglossal Nerve) Anatomy of Cranial Nerve XII (The Hypoglossal Nerve) The hypoglossal nerve is the motor nerve of the tongue [5]. Its fibers arise from the…
Cranial Nerve VIII (The Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VIII (The Vestibulocochlear Nerve) Anatomy of Cranial Nerve VIII The eighth cranial nerve consists of two separate functional components: the auditory (cochlear) nerve concerned with hearing and the…
Cranial Nerves IX and X (The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves)
Cranial Nerves IX and X (The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves) Anatomy of Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) The glossopharyngeal nerve contains motor, sensory, and parasympathetic fibers. The nerve emerges from…
Spinal Nerve and Root
Spinal Nerve and Root Anatomy of the Spinal Nerves and Roots The afferent (sensory) fibers (Fig. 4.1) from the peripheral nervous system enter the spinal cord in the dorsal roots…
Cervical, Brachial, and Lumbosacral Plexi
Cervical, Brachial, and Lumbosacral Plexi Plexopathies are usually more difficult to recognize than lesions of individual peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathies) or spinal roots (radiculopathies) because of the complex anatomy of…
Cranial Nerve I (The Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve I (The Olfactory Nerve) Anatomy of the Olfactory Pathways Although the olfactory system is not of major importance in neurologic diagnosis, certain clinical information, useful in neuroanatomic localization,…
