Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain
Abstract The application of neurostimulation to the management of chronic pain syndromes remains a significant challenge for chronic pain specialists. The origins of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for intractable pain…
Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has long been established as a safe and effective treatment for the management of advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). Due to the success of DBS in…
Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for the Control of Spasticity
Abstract Intrathecal baclofen therapy (IBT) is a potent method to manage spastic hypertonia and related features of the upper motor neuron syndrome. IBT infusion exerts its therapeutic effect by delivering…
The Development of Guidelines for Intrathecal Therapies for Pain Control. History and Present Guidelines
Abstract Intrathecal drug delivery has been a valuable treatment for severe refractory pain conditions. However, despite the growing evidence about and success of implanted drug delivery, limitations such as variations…
Exploring Nonopioid Analgesic Agents for Intrathecal Use
Abstract Intrathecal (IT) drug delivery technology has become one of the key arsenals in treating both nonmalignant and malignant chronic pain. However, only three compounds have been officially approved for…
Pharmacology of Intrathecal Therapy
Abstract Intrathecal therapy is a vital component in the treatment of moderate to severe refractory cancer or noncancer pain. From humble beginnings, the knowledge and clinical experience regarding engagement with…
Evolution of the Spinal Delivery of Opiate Analgesics
Abstract Morphine and other alkaloids were initially isolated in the 1850s, and their application to ameliorate pain by hypodermic delivery began shortly thereafter. The development of conduction anesthesia by delivery…
Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Drug Delivery
Abstract Neuromodulation can be performed by electrical stimulation or by drug delivery to modulate the neural response. Intrathecal drug delivery allows for continuous and targeted delivery of medications to the…
Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Intractable Headache Syndromes
Abstract Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) has matured significantly over the past 40 years in terms of a better understanding of the indications for its use and implant techniques necessary for…
Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain
Abstract Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNfS) is a new and exciting area of neurostimulation. It belongs to the general category of electrical stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. However, instead…
