Managing hemorrhagic stroke
Figure 17.1 CT scan of the head demonstrating an acute intracranial hemorrhage in the medulla (a, axillary image), extending into the lower pons (b, sagittal image). The remainder of the…
The diagnosis and overdiagnosis of cerebral vasculitis
Figure 11.1 Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. (a) First brain MRI FLAIR axial section showing subcortical parieto-occipital hyperintensities. (b) Angio-MRI showing segmental narrowing of both middle, left anterior and posterior cerebral…
When the diagnostic image is not diagnostic
Figure 4.1 Non-contrast head CT axial image at the level of the basal cisterns demonstrates hyperdensity in the expected location of the basilar artery (arrow). The clinical history and abnormal…
Pitfalls in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Figure 16.1 Axial cranial computed tomography showing diffuse high density collection in the suprasellar cistern extending bilaterally into the Sylvian fissures consistent with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Discussion Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounts…
Stroke and patent foramen ovale: the conundrum of closure
Figure 10.1 Acute brain magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted (a) and apparent diffusion coefficient map (b) images showing evidence of acute ischemic lesions in right frontal cortex and para-ventricular white matter…
Transient ischemic attacks and stroke mimics and chameleons
Figure 1.1 Brain CT scan showing an old infarct in the left middle cerebral artery territory. As he was leaving the CT-scan room, he had brief involuntary movements of the…
Moyamoya disease and other non-atherosclerotic cerebral vasculopathies
Figure 14.1 (a) Cerebral MRI showing a recent right cortical infarct on diffusion-weighted images (upper image) and old ischemic lesions in watershed areas on FLAIR MRI (bottom image). (b) Initial…
Choosing the right patients for carotid artery procedural interventions
Figure 9.1 Axial MRI brain with evidence of multiple left hemispheric infarcts (arrows) on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Discussion This case highlights the critical importance of a detailed history and physical…
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) – an underrecognized and undertreated disorder
Figure 3.1 Unenhanced CT show signs of acute stroke of the left MCA territory. (a) Hyperdense left MCA sign, in which high attenuation thrombus is seen extending from the left…
Recognizing cerebrovascular etiologies of “thunderclap†headaches
Figure 12.1 Schematic diagram of the investigation of thunderclap headache. CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; MRV, magnetic resonance venography; TCD, transcranial Doppler; DSA, digital…
