The Role of Astrocytes in Huntington’s Disease
Fig. 10.1 Post mortem human brain at the level of the caudate-putamen. Coronal brain sections taken through the caudate-putamen of a normal (left) and a Huntington’s disease patient (right). The…
Ionic Signaling in Physiology and Pathophysiology of Astroglia
Fig. 2.1 Molecular cascades of calcium and sodium signaling in astroglia. Abbreviations: AMPAR α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, CBP Ca2+ binding protein, EAAT excitatory amino acid transporter, ER endoplasmic reticulum, GABA γ-aminobutyric…
General Pathophysiology of Neuroglia: Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders as Gliopathies
Fig. 1.1 Classification of neuroglia Despite a remarkable heterogeneity of neuroglial cells they have one feature in common: the main function of neuroglia is the preservation of nervous system homeostasis….
Experimental Treatment of Acquired and Inherited Neuropathies
Fig. 19.1 Pathomechanisms in acquired and inherited peripheral neuropathies. a Hypothetical model of the pathological mechanisms of autoimmune disease in the peripheral nervous system. In the systemic immune compartment, autoreactive…
Possible Therapeutic Targets in Microglia
Fig. 13.1 Possible therapeutic targets in microglia. Neurotransmitter receptors, neuropeptide receptors, neuromodulatory receptors, cytokine and chemokine receptors, transporters, and various factors affecting microglial function 13.2 Neurotransmitter Receptors Microglia express various…
Alexander Disease and Astrotherapeutics
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014Vladimir Parpura and Alexei Verkhratsky (eds.)Pathological Potential of Neuroglia10.1007/978-1-4939-0974-2_5 5. Alexander Disease and Astrotherapeutics Michael Brenner1 and Albee Messing2 (1) Department of Neurobiology and the Civitan International Research Center, University of…
Role of Astrocytes in Central Nervous System Trauma
Excitotoxic Energetic/free radical Inflammatory Mechanical damage Membrane disruption Increased [Na+]i, [Ca2+]i Disregulation of astrocytic K+ and membrane potential Excessive glutamate release Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamatereceptors activation Ionic disregulation activates ATP-dependent…
Glial Glutamate and Metabolic Transporters as a Target for Neurodegenerative Therapy and Biomarkers
Fig. 4.1 Schematic depiction of glial glutamate and lactate transporter functions. a (1) Presynaptic neuronal impulses induce glutamate (Glu) release into the synaptic cleft. Glutamate binds and opens postsynaptic AMPA…
Parkinsonism-Plus Syndromes
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease Genetic forms of Parkinson’s disease Parkinsonism plus syndromes Progressive supranuclear palsy Multiple system atrophy Cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration Dementia with lewy Bodies Hereditary neurodegenerative Parkinsonism Huntington’s…
Role of Neuropsychology in Neurodegeneration
Name of test Remarks Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III and IV) Most widely used scale, includes tasks of story recall (Logical memory), recall of word pairs (Verbal paired Associates) and visual…
