Drug Dependence Psychic dependence (addiction): craving, drug-seeking behavior. Physical dependence: withdrawal symptoms and signs with abstinence. May occur separately or together. Addiction: psychic dependence. Selected classes of recreational drugs listed…
Alcoholism Ethanol-related deaths >100,000 each year; 5% of all deaths in United States. Problem drinkers: 7% of all adults, 19% of adolescents in United States addicted to ethanol or have…
Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorders: conversion disorder, somatization disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder. Somatizing disorders: besides somatoform disorders, also include malingering, factitious disorders, psychological factors affecting a medical condition…
Schizophrenia Abnormalities in perception of reality, form, and content of thoughts and speech, emotional deficits, leading to disturbed sense of self, social dysfunction, apathy, peculiar behavior. Symptom onset usually in…
Anxiety Disorders Overall prevalence 7% to 9%. F:M, 2 to 3:1. Panic Disorder Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks (Table 160.1), accompanied by persistent concerns about repeated attacks or significant behavior change…
Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Epidemiology 18.8 million people affected in U.S. in 1998. Affects 1 in 33 children, 1 in 8 adolescents. Lifetime prevalence in US 12% in…
Hashimoto Encephalopathy Hashimoto thyroiditis: goiter and thyroid dysfunction attributed to and defined by antithyroid (antimicrosomal or antithyroglobulin) antibodies. Hashimoto encephalopathy: encephalopathy (clouding of consciousness); high titer of antithyroid antibodies. Thyroid…
Neurologic Disease During Pregnancy Epilepsy Women with preexisting epilepsy: seizure frequency increases during pregnancy in 35%, unchanged in 55%, reduced in 10%. Antiepileptic drug (AED) blood concentrations may change: non-protein-bound…
Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Local or diffuse thickening of intracranial or spinal dura mater; often with adhesion to underlying leptomeninges. Attributed to infections (syphilis, tuberculosis, fungi); autoimmune or vasculitic diseases (Wegener granulomatosis,…
Vasculitis Syndromes Autoimmune diseases attributed to fibrinoid degeneration of blood vessels; manifest by arthritis, rash, visceral disease. Polyarteritis Nodosa Widespread panarteritis, mainly affecting medium-sized arteries. Onset ages 20 to 50…
