Modifiable Lifestyle and Environmental Factors According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 estimates, over 66% of stroke burden is attributed to behavioral risks (smoking, poor diet, and low…

Cerebrovascular Disease Genetics Several cerebrovascular disorders tend to run in families or are either entirely congenital in nature or largely genetically determined. These include disorders that may cause ischemic stroke,…

Cerebrovascular Disease in Pregnant Patients Although stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the general population in the United States, it is uncommon among women of childbearing age….

Cerebrovascular Disease in Children and Young Adults Stroke is uncommon in children who are younger than 15 years. The annual incidence is approximately 2.5 cases per 100,000 children. Ischemic strokes…

Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord Spinovascular disease is rare compared with cerebrovascular disease. It includes spinal cord infarction, hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, and venous disease. The clinical symptoms of…

Other Cerebrovascular Syndromes HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY Acute or sustained elevation of blood pressure (BP) may result in failure of cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms, with vasodilation, hyperperfusion, and exudation of fluid. Increased intracranial…

Five Major Categories of Hemorrhagic Disease: Treatment of Specific Underlying Mechanisms Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disorders cause 15% to 20% of all strokes. These conditions can be divided into five subgroups on…

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Intracranial venous thrombosis may arise from infectious or noninfectious processes. Since the introduction of antibiotics, the frequency of venous thrombosis has decreased considerably, apparently from the prevention…

Four Major Categories of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease Identification and Treatment CARDIAC DISEASE Cerebrovascular conditions that result from cardiac disorders include cerebral infarction, transient ischemic attack (TIA), syncope, and global anoxia….

Intracerebral Hemorrhage: General Evaluation and Treatment As noted in Chapter 1, patients with intracerebral (intraparenchymal) hemorrhage (ICH) typically present with relatively abrupt onset of focal neurologic symptoms and signs that…