Abstract The safe delivery of electrical currents for the stimulation of neural tissue requires careful consideration of stimulus intensities to avoid tissue and electrode damage. This chapter discusses charge density…
Abstract Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are revolutionizing our understanding of brain structure and function. The integration of this technology in patients with neuromodulation devices raises some compatibility and…
Abstract Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established clinical therapy for a wide range of neurological disorders and constantly under investigation for increasing indications. Yet even after decades of clinical…
Abstract This chapter covers the fundamentals of localized conduction block of peripheral nerves using kilohertz frequency alternating currents (KHFAC). Experimentally, KHFAC nerve block has been proven to be rapid, reversible,…
Abstract The stimulation waveform describes the applied current, i(t), or voltage, v(t), as a function of time. The characteristics of the stimulation waveform contribute to the effectiveness, efficiency, and risks…
Abstract The immediate and dramatic improvements seen seconds after deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a patient with essential tremor or Parkinson disease, combined with the rapid return of symptoms following…
Abstract Voltage-gated Na + channels exhibit three states: closed activatable, open activated, and closed inactivatable. At resting membrane potentials, about 75% of the channels are in the closed activatable state….
Abstract Launched in April 2013, the goal of the White House Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative is to catalyze the development of neurotechnology to provide new insights…
Abstract Neuromodulation has inherent advantages over many other invasive treatments, in that it is inherently nondestructive and reversible, and clinical evidence attests to its favorable risk/benefit ratio. Spinal cord stimulation…
Abstract This chapter briefly reviews the organization and gross structures of the central nervous system and its primary motor and sensory pathways. Keywords Brain, Nervous system, Pyramidal motor system, Sensory…
