HISTORY AND EXAMINATION
Figure 1.1 Testing smell Optic nerve (cranial nerve 2) Visual acuity Ask if the patient has any difficulty seeing. Visual acuity (VA) is tested and measured routinely by using a…
DISORDERS OF PERIPHERAL NERVES
Figure 11.1 The peripheral reflex pathway Table 11.1 Common focal peripheral nerve disorders Nerve Main site Mechanism Main Cause Clinical Features Median wrist entrapment carpal tunnel syndrome, leprosy pain, tingling…
NEUROLOGICAL ILLNESS IN HIV DISEASE
Cryptococcus neoformansMycobacterium tuberculosisToxoplasma gondiiCytomegalovirusJC virus (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy)Tumours Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) meningitismeningitis, *FND, paraplegia*FNDretinitis, radiculopathy, encephalitisquadriplegia, encephalopathy*FND <100(0-500)<100<50<100<100 10-20%1-10%5-15%1-1.5%uncommon<1% Direct HIV infection (0-200) 40-70% HIV associated dementia (HAD)vacuolar myelopathydistal…
PROTOZOAL ANDHELMINTHIC INFECTIONS
Figure 7.1 Brain in Cerebral Malaria (CM) Clinical features The first symptoms of cerebral malaria in adults include fever, headache, myalgia, malaise followed by progressive drowsiness, confusion, delirium, stupor and…
LOCALIZATION
Figure 2.1 Main sites of neurological disorders MOTOR SYSTEM CNS The motor system in the CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, beginning in the motor cortex and extending…
EPILEPSY
complex partialsecondary generalized tonic–clonic not impairedimpairedloss of consciousness Generalized onset seizures (30%) absencemyoclonicprimary generalized tonic-clonic impairednot clinically impairedloss of consciousness CLASSIFICATION EPIDEMIOLOGY Epilepsy is defined as the tendency to have…
CRANIAL NERVE DISORDERS
Figure 12.1 Testing for afferent and efferent pupillary disorders A.normal: both pupils constricted B.efferent defect: shine torch in affected eye (dilated pupil): light is perceived but affected pupil is unable…
PARAPLEGIA NON TRAUMATIC
extramedullary neurofibroma, meningioma intramedullary astrocytoma, ependymoma, tuberculoma, schistosome ova, syringomyelia Non compressive transverse myelopathy viral infections, HIV, TB, syphilis, HTLV-1, Devic’s disease nutritional konzo, lathyrism, tropical ataxic neuropathy vascular sickle…
HEAD AND SPINAL INJURY
(examine for the following) Comments STEP 1 level of consciousness most important of all assessments(repeat at regular intervals, usually every 15 mins) STEP 2 signs of HI lacerations, bruising or…
INTRACRANIAL TUMOURS
MetastasesMeningiomaPituitary adenoma 30-50%20-30%20-30%10-15% CraniopharyngiomaLymphomaAcoustic neuromaPinealomaColloid cyst 2-5%1%<1%<1%<1% CLINICAL FEATURES Intracranial tumours in Africa are characterised by late presentation with on average a 2 year delay before diagnosis and a high…
