INTRODUCTION Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly poisonous substances that can be efficaciously used as medications to treat movement disorders. Accidental poisoning leads to botulism, a potentially deadly disease commonly caused…
INTRODUCTION The term “acanthocytosis” is derived from Greek to describe “thorny” red blood cells. The actual process resulting in the formation of acanthocytes is not known. Echinocytes, which are found…
Sleep disorders and fatigue are clinically relevant problems that are increasingly recognized as an integral part of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The interest in these topics is attested by the large…
INTRODUCTION Despite the recent remarkable advances in science that have delivered new pharmaceutical and other therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment, there remains a select group of patients who…
Paroxysmal movement disorders are defined as abnormal involuntary movements that are intermittent or episodic in nature, with sudden onset and variable duration, and with no change in consciousness (1). The…
CLINICAL RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is clinically defined by the presence of four criteria: (1) an urge to move the limbs with or without sensations, (2) worsening…
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INTRODUCTION Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains the only neurodegenerative disorder for which there are highly efficacious symptomatic therapies, most importantly dopamine (DA) replacement strategies, which in most patients provide satisfactory motor…
INTRODUCTION In 1963, J. Clifford Richardson (1) described an unusual syndrome of supranuclear gaze palsy, and progressive axial rigidity, pseudobulbar palsy, and mild dementia. Together with John Steele and Jerzy…
INTRODUCTION Movement disorders commonly occur in association with systemic diseases, and they may occasionally be the presenting feature of a systemic disease (1,2). It is therefore imperative to carefully consider…
