Developmental disorders in girls
Figure 6.1 Inheritance of a theoretical imprinted protective ASD gene on the X chromosome There has been much discussion about the possibility that girls have inherent biological protection or resilience…
Pitfalls in identifying the classical clinical features of MS
Figure 1.1 Sensory level described by patients with myelopathies. Step 2: Conduct a neurological examination for signs of MS See Table 1.2. Table 1.2 Examination Examination findings Comment Dementia Impaired…
Pitfalls in diagnosing cerebral parenchymal disease
Figure 6.1 An axial T1 and FLAIR MRI brain scan shows numerous white matter lesions involving cerebral hemispheres ovoid in shape and periventricular in location, which is consistent with multiple…
Challenges in diagnosing demyelinating ocular disease
Figure 5.1 Axial FLAIR MRI brain showed several scattered foci of T2 hyperintensity in the white matter that were nonspecific in appearance and unchanged over 8 years of follow-up. Three-step…
Challenges in the therapeutic management of MS
Figure 4.1 Sagittal T2 MRI cervical and thoracic spine showing multifocal T2 hyperintense lesions within the cervical and thoracic spinal cord compatible with multiple sclerosis. Three-step assessment 1 Classical clinical…
Pitfalls in recognizing uncommon MS clinical presentations
Figure 3.1 Axial FLAIR, coronal T1 with gadolinium MRI brain multiple demyelinating plaques consistent with multiple sclerosis within the white matter of both cerebral hemispheres, with single enhancing focus posterior…
Pitfalls in diagnosing demyelinating cerebellar disease
Figure 7.1 Axial T2 MRI brain showing abnormal focal T2 signal abnormalities within the pons and cerebellar peduncles and axial FLAIR MRI showing extensive, non-enhancing increased T2 signal in the…
Pitfalls in correctly assessing the clinical course of MS
Figure 2.1 Axial FLAIR MRI brain showing ovoid, periventricular and juxtacortical lesions also involving the corpus callosum highly characteristic of MS lesions in this patient without classical clinical features of…
Challenges in diagnosing demyelinating brainstem disease
Figure 8.1 Axial FLAIR and T1 with gadolinium MRI brain shows abnormal signal within the left tegmentum of the pons with patchy peripheral enhancement without mass effect, with scattered T2…
Challenges in diagnosing spinal cord disease
Figure 9.1 Sagittal T2 MRI cervical spine shows a solitary area of increased T2 signal at the prior level of compression, now relieved by spinal decompressive surgery. Three-step assessment 1…
