Brachial Plexus
TRAUMA: AVULSION AND STRETCH INJURIES KEY FACTS Nerve root avulsions are generally caused by traction injuries of the extremities (in the lower cervical spine, they are related to…
Infection Inflammation
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLOARTHROPATHY) KEYFACTS This disease occurs predominantly in young men and is associated with histocompatibility antigen B27. Ankylosing spondylitis is found in 1.4% of the…
Metabolic Disorders
AMINO ACID DISORDERS KEY FACTS In this rare group of disorders, amino acid pathways are deficient, and proteolipids, which are essential for formation of myelin, are abnormal. …
Congenital Malformations
MYELOMENINGOCELE AND MYELOCELE KEY FACTS Myelomeningocele and myelocele are both midline bone defects through which meninges and/ or neural placode (unfolded spinal cord) are visible; most discovered by…
Vascular Disorders
SPINAL CORD CAVERNOUS MALFORMATION KEY FACTS Histologically, cavernous malformations are composed of dilated vascular sinusoids devoid of smooth muscle and elastic fibers; there are no normal intervening neural…
Leukodystrophies
ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY KEY FACTS Most important peroxisomal disorder which is characterized by very long-chain fatty acids that are not metabolized and are elevated in serum and other body fluids….
Nontraumatic Hemorrhage
ACUTE HYPERTENSIVE HEMORRHAGES KEY FACTS The most common etiologies for all intracerebral hemorrhage include hypertension, ruptured aneurysm or vascular malformation, venous thrombosis, amyloidosis (in patients over 60 years…
Sample Dictations
NORMAL DICTATIONS Here you will find the most commonly used normal dictations (“macros”) at my hospital. They are only provided as guidelines and should be adjusted to different practices…
MRI Protocols
BRAIN WITHOUT AND WITH CONTRAST #SL, number of slices; PH DIR, phase direction; FOV, field of view in millimeters; THK, slice thickness in millimeters; TR, repetition time in…
Medications in Neuroradiology
MEDICATIONS FOR CONTRAST MEDIA REACTIONS 1. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) This antihistaminic produces relief of minor allergic reactions but induces drowsiness and anticholin-ergic effects (therefore, do not use in cases…
