The Hypoglossal Nerve
FIGURE 20.1 Section through the medulla at the level of the decussation of the medial lemniscus. The hypoglossal fibers gather into two bundles, which perforate the dura mater separately, pass…
The Exteroceptive Sensations
FIGURE 32.1 Diagram of the spinal cord and dorsal root showing the peripheral receptors and terminations of fibers within the spinal cord. The majority of axons originating from second-order spinothalamic…
The Olfactory Nerve
FIGURE 12.1 The distribution of the olfactory nerves within the nose. Within the olfactory bulbs, axons of incoming fibers synapse on dendrites of mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory…
The Proprioceptive Sensations
FIGURE 33.1 The pathways for position sense and fine discriminative touch through the posterior columns and medial lemniscus. Proprioceptive impulses from the head and neck enter the central nervous system…
The Superficial (Cutaneous) Reflexes
FIGURE 39.1 Sites of stimulation employed in eliciting the various superficial abdominal reflexes. The responses are typically brisk and active in young individuals with good anterior abdominal tone. They may…
