The Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear) Nerve
FIGURE 17.1 The right osseous labyrinth in the temporal bone viewed from above. FIGURE 17.2 The right osseous labyrinth, lateral view. The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, a thin…
Diagnostic Reasoning and Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
Errors in clinical reasoning can lead to a variety of adverse consequences. A common error in diagnostic reasoning is accepting a diagnosis before it is fully verified (premature closure). Kassirer…
The Trigeminal Nerve
FIGURE 15.1 Section through the pons at the level of the trigeminal nuclei. The Motor Portion Upper motor neuron control of trigeminal motor functions arises primarily from the lower third…
The Neurologic History
Patients are even more secretive about drug habits. Tactful opening questions might be to ask whether the patient has ever used drugs for other than medicinal purposes, ever abused prescription…
Abnormalities of Movement
Parkinson’s Disease PD is due to a degeneration of neurons in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. It is the second most common movement disorder behind essential tremor (ET), affecting about 1%…
An Overview of Brainstem and Cranial Nerve Anatomy
FIGURE 11.1 The sulcus limitans divides the neural tube into the dorsal alar plate, which contains sensory neuroblasts, and the ventral basal plate, which contains motor neuroblasts. In the brainstem,…
Overview of the Nervous System
FIGURE 2.1 A. Gross brain. B. T-1 weighted MR image. Approximately matched midline sagittal sections. Sagittal T1-weighted MRI of the brain and upper cervical spinal cord. Labels: 1, septum pellucidum;…
Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres
FIGURE 6.1 Lobes, sulci, and gyri of the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemisphere. The frontal and occipital lobes are finely stippled, the temporal lobe coarsely stippled, and the parietal…
Pathologic Reflexes
EHL, extensor hallucis longus. TABLE 40.2 Other Lower-Extremity Pathologic Reflexes TABLE 40.3 Other Upper-Extremity Pathologic Reflexes FCR, flexor carpi radials; MCP, metacarpophalangeal; PL, palmaris longus. The terms frontal release signs…
Sensory Localization
FIGURE 36.1 Some common patterns of sensory loss. A. Hemisensory loss due to a hemispheric lesion. B. Crossed sensory loss to pain and temperature due to a lateral medullary lesion….
