Fig. 18.1 Major syndromes of acute demyelinating polyneuropathies. The figure indicates the heterogeneous pathology and clinical picture of GBS. Demyelination is responsible for the most common form of AIDP, while…
Fig. 11.1 Examples of stainings visualising meningitis-causing agents. Upper panel: May–Grünwald–Giemsa-stained cytospin for cytological differentiation of CSF cells can already visualise bacteria or fungi, and thorough inspection is mandatory: (a)…
Cerebrospinalfluid biomarkers Origin Target cells Immune activation CXCL13 FDC B cells, TFH cells CXCL16 APC T cells, NKT cells CXCL10 Astrocytes, endothelial cells,fibroblast Th1 cells, CD8+ cells, NK cells, endothelial…
Fig. 16.1 Treatment scheme for anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Can also be useful for other autoimmune encephalitis (expert opinion). PE plasma exchange Antibody production is thought to start systemically. Activated B cells…
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015Florian Deisenhammer, Finn Sellebjerg, Charlotte E Teunissen and Hayrettin Tumani (eds.)Cerebrospinal Fluid in Clinical Neurology10.1007/978-3-319-01225-4_13 13. Methods for Biomarker Analysis Diego Franciotta1, Massimo Alessio2, Livia Garzetti3 and Roberto Furlan3 (1) Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS, National Institute…
Age (years) Lumbar CSF/serum ratio of albumin range (×10−3) Newborn <28 1–15 4–5 15–60 5–8 60–90 8–10 9.5 Interpretation A dysfunction of the blood-CSF barrier, i.e. abnormal elevation of Q-Alb,…
Age (years) Lumbar total protein range (mg/L) Newborn <1,700 1–15 90–350 16–60 150–450 8.4 Interpretation Many acute inflammatory diseases of the CNS are characterized by a mild to moderate increase…
Needle Comparison Advantages Disadvantages Length Short Children – Long Adults or obese patients Procedure more difficult Diameter Small Less complications, pain, discomfort, blood contaminations, medication, and medical assistance Slow flow,…
Fig. 5.1 Flowchart of pre-analytical steps in CSF analysis and common variability factors influencing outcome measures To generate recommendations for pre-analytical procedures, a distinction can be made between analysis of…
Fig. 3.1 Relationship between CSF–serum ratio of blood (white circles) and brain-derived (black circles) compounds and their hydrodynamic radius under “steady-state” conditions (Modified according to Felgenhauer (1995)). Alb albumin, α2-M…
