Tumors of the Skull and Cranial Nerves Benign Tumors Osteoma Benign growth of mature dense cortical bone in paranasal sinuses, cranial vault, mandible, mastoid sinuses. Associated with Gardner syndrome (autosomal-dominant…
General Considerations Epidemiology Incidence of symptomatic brain tumors: 12/100,000 population. Approximately 35,000 new patients diagnosed each year in the U.S. Incidence by age: small peak before age 10 years; gradual…
Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome Definition: serum osmolality >350 mOsm/kg; plasma glucose content >600 mg/dL; depressed consciousness without ketosis. Comprises 10% to 20% of all cases of severe hyperglycemia. Most common in…
Superficial Siderosis of the CNS Deposition of hemosiderin on pial surfaces of brain and spinal cord. Evolves for years; caused by chronic, intermittent, or persistent oozing of blood into CSF….
Disorders of Intracranial Pressure Brain Edema Definition Increased brain volume due to increase in water and sodium content. Major Types of Brain Edema Features of three major forms of cerebral…
Hydrocephalus Definition Increased CSF volume and dilation of cerebral ventricles. Classification Obstructive Hydrocephalus Due to obstruction of CSF flow out of cerebral ventricles. Sometimes termed “non-communicating” hydrocephalus (CSF does not…
Vascular Disease of the Spinal Cord Blood Supply Origin: vertebral, subclavian, iliac arteries, aorta. Branches form single anterior median spinal artery, two posterior spinal arteries. Thoracic region: blood supply relatively…
Cerebral Veins and Sinuses Occlusion of cerebral veins and sinuses associated with various disorders (Table 47.1). Lateral, cavernous, superior sagittal sinuses most frequently affected. Lateral Sinus Thrombosis Usually due to…
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Acute hemorrhage into space between pia and arachnoid membranes (subarachnoid space). 5% of all strokes; nearly 30,000 cases annually in the United States (annual incidence 1/10,000). 80% due…
Treatment and Prevention of Stroke Atherothrombotic Strokes and Tias Surgery Indications for carotid endarterectomy (CEA): Stenosis ≥70% (if patient medically suitable). Balloon angioplasty, stents (extracranial and intracranial stenosis): under investigation….
