Transient Ischemic Attack/Stroke Clinical features Altered mental status Visual changes (e.g., diplopia/vision loss) Dysphagia Facial droop Aphasia, dysarthria, word-finding Focal motor impairment Focal sensory impairment Dizziness/vertigo Ataxia Loss of fine…
Stroke Localization Internal carotid artery May present with some or all of the features of infarctions involving the anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and ophthalmic arteries Anterior cerebral artery Contralateral lower…
Seizure Disorder Subtypes Partial Simple partial Complex partial Generalized Absence (petit mal) Atypical absence Myoclonic Tonic-clonic (grand mal) Status epilepticus Etiology Trauma: head trauma, stroke, hemorrhage, anoxia, neurosurgery Mass lesions:…
Multiple Sclerosis Disease subtypes Relapsing-remitting Primary progressive Secondary progressive Clinical features Peak age at disease onset: 20 to 45 years Episodic neurologic symptoms involving discrete areas separated by time Ophthalmic…
Intracranial Hemorrhage Etiologies Hypertension Bleeding disorders Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) hypertensive reaction Amyloid angiopathy Vascular malformation (e.g., intracranial aneurysm, venous thrombosis) Primary/secondary brain tumors Hemorrhagic conversion of ischemic stroke Trauma…
Headache Differential Diagnosis of Headache Primary Migraine Cluster Tension Secondary Subarachnoid hemorrhage Intracerebral hemorrhage Subdural/epidural hematoma Unruptured arteriovenous malformation Cerebral venous thrombosis Ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack Cervicocephalic arterial dissection Arterial…
Urinary Tract Infections Infection Clinical Features Treatment Cystitis Uncomplicated cystitis: women who are not pregnant, without underlying structural or neurologic disease. Complicated cystitis: upper tract infection or any urinary tract…
Urinalysis Urine Finding Interpretation Specific gravity Workup of polyuria, acute renal failure, and rapid estimate of urine osmolarity. pH Normal 4.5-8.5 Workup of renal tubular acidosis, etiologic organisms for urinary…
Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy General Considerations Common side effects for nicotine therapy may include headache, insomnia, nightmares, nausea, dizziness, and blurred vision. Nicotine use may be contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation,…
Tuberculosis Screening Screening High-risk individuals Immunocompromised individuals (particularly HIV positive) Immigrants from high prevalence countries Malnourished, homeless, and those living in overcrowded and substandard housing Alcoholics IV drug users Chronic…
