Nausea and Vomiting Differential Diagnosis of Nausea and Vomiting Gastrointestinal Obstruction/pseudo—obstruction Inflammation/infection—appendicitis, peritonitis, pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, viral and bacterial gastroenteritis (Staphylococcus aureas, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfingens), ingested poisons or toxins…
Metabolic Syndrome Three or more of the following risk factors are required for the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria. Risk Factor Defining Level Abdominal…
Thyroid Disorders Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Common causes Primary (e.g, Hashimoto disease) Secondary (e.g., disorders of pituitary or hypothalamus) Iatrogenic (e.g., thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine therapy) Inflammation—thyroiditis (e.g., postpartum) Drug-induced Lithium Glucocorticoids Graves…
Hypertension General Considerations Primary/essential hypertension—95% of all hypertension with no primary etiology identified. Secondary hypertension—5% secondary to causes including renal disease and endocrine disorders, among others. Elevated blood pressures should…
Human Bite Pathogens Streptococci Staphylococci Fusobacterium spp. Eikenella corrodens Evaluation Record mechanism of injury (such as closed fist) Assess location, depth, size, and type of wound Evidence of infection, including…
Viral Hepatitis Type Transmission Risk Factors Serologies Hepatitis A Fecal-oral Contaminated food and water Children and caregivers in daycare centers Acute IgM anti-HAV+ Chronic N/A Recovered/latent IgG anti-HAV+ Vaccinated IgG…
Fever Differential Diagnosis of Fever Infection Bacterial Meningitis, upper/lower respiratory infections (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis), endocarditis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, cellulitis, diverticulitis, upper and lower genitourinary infections Viral Common cold, HIV, mononucleosis, hepatitis…
Falls Potential causes Acute medical Myocardial infarction Arrhythmias Stroke Seizures Hypotension (rule out gastrointestinal bleed, sepsis, dehydration, drug-induced orthostasis, myocardial infarction) Chronic medical Electrolyte abnormalities Metabolic disorders Vasovagal attacks Psychiatric…
Emergency Contraception General Considerations Medicolegal considerations include ensuring adequate and detailed informed consent, presence of capacity to make medical decisions, and multidisciplinary management of victims recently sexually assaulted. Review applicable…
Electrolyte Disturbances Electrolyte Etiology ClinicalFeatures Management Hypernatremia Hypovolemic Renal Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Renal tubular dysfuntion Medications (e.g., thiazide, loop diuretics) Osmotic diuresis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Nonrenal Gastrointestinal…
