Keywords thyroid, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, neuropathy, myopathy, encephalopathy, sleep, ophthalmopathy   Disorders of the thyroid gland are common and are frequently accompanied by neurologic complications. One study of unselected general medical,…

Keywords autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular control, blood pressure, heart rate, baroreceptor reflex, norepinephrine, syncope, postural hypotension   When a healthy person stands up after being recumbent, approximately 500 ml of…

Keywords hypertension, stroke, cerebral aneurysm, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, transient ischemia attack, TIA   Blood pressure was first measured in 1707 by an English divinity student, Stephan Hales, using a…

Keywords neurocardiogenic, cardiac complications, cardiac innervation, neurologic injury, stroke, epilepsy, trauma   Cardiac abnormalities are common after acute neurologic injury. Disturbances can range in severity from transient electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities…

Keywords autonomic neuropathy, constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia, fecal incontinence, gastrointestinal motility disorders, gastroparesis, gut dysmotility, muscle disorders, neurologic disorders, pseudo-obstruction   Interactions Between Extrinsic Nervous System and the Gut Normal motility…

Keywords stroke, hypercoagulable states, sickle cell disease, stroke genetics, protein C, protein S, factor V Leiden deficiency, antithrombin III, antiphospholipid, homocysteine, malignancy   Stroke is the fourth leading cause of…

Keywords nutritional deficiency, neuropathy, copper deficiency, vitamin B 12 , cobalamine, thiamine, pyridoxine, vitamin D, vitamin E, folate, niacin, vitamin A, myelopathy, myeloneuropathy, Lathyrism, Konzo, Wernicke encephalopathy, Korsakoff encephalopathy, beriberi…

Keywords neurogastroenterology, Wilson disease, malabsorption, gluten sensitivity, Crohn disease, bariatric surgery   In recent years, the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in the setting of neurologic disease has received increasing…

Keywords acute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhosis-related parkinsonism, hepatic myelopathy, pancreatic encephalopathy   Hepatic Encephalopathy Definition The term hepatic encephalopathy (HE) refers to any type of cerebral dysfunction that is…

Keywords cardiac arrest, anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, EEG, myoclonus status epilepticus, neuron specific enolase, somatosensory evoked potentials, therapeutic hypothermia, prognosis   Introduction Despite advances in the management of cardiac arrest, patients continue…