INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Peripheral neuropathies can be classified as mononeuropathy (affecting one nerve), mononeuropathy multiplex (affecting multiple individual nerves), and polyneuropathy (affecting peripheral nerves diffusely). Mononeuropathies of the upper…
DEFINITIONS AND CAUSES OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY Print Section Listen Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Epilepsy is the condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. The definition…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen This chapter focuses on the following central nervous system demyelinating diseases: Multiple sclerosis (MS) Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Optic neuritis Transverse myelitis Optic…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Each eye is moved by six muscles: four rectus muscles and two oblique muscles. These muscles are controlled by three nerves: cranial nerves (CNs) 3, 4,…
NEUROANATOMY OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY Print Section Listen The Nerve Root Supply of the Upper Extremity In the cervical spine, nerve roots are numbered by the cervical level above which…
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Print Section Listen The peripheral nervous system includes the nerve roots, dorsal root ganglia, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, and peripheral…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Cranial nerve 8 (CN 8) contains two components: auditory (cochlear) and vestibular. Both begin in the inner ear and travel to the brainstem: the auditory component…
NEUROANATOMY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY Print Section Listen Anatomy of the Nerve Roots of the Lower Extremity At the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral levels, roots are numbered by the vertebral…
TRIGEMINAL NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE 5) Print Section Listen The principal clinically relevant functions of the trigeminal nerve are facial somatic sensation and innervation of the muscles of mastication. The trigeminal…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Neurodiagnostic tests aid in determining both localization and diagnosis. The main neurodiagnostic tests are: neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, electroencephalography (EEG), and electromyography/nerve conduction studies (EMG/NCS)….
