EMG finding Occurrence/cause Timing Normal Central nervous system lesion (e.g., intracranial hemorrhage) Always Not a severe nerve lesion Until the occurrence of pathological spontaneous activity Pathologic spontaneous activity Axonotmesis, neurotmesis,…
Fig. 3.1 Algorithm of the diagnostic and therapeutic steps and treatment strategies for nerve injury The complex challenge of nerve repair and reconstruction, including additional steps that may become necessary,…
Fig. 1.1 Schematic diagram of a normal nerve (Illustration by Lena Julie Freund, Aachen, Germany) The first sensory neurons are situated in the dorsal root ganglia, which are located in…
Fig. 10.1 The regeneration process occurring when a peripheral nerve gap has been bridged with a hollow nerve guidance channel can be divided into two main phases (a, b). (a)…
Fig. 4.1 Intraoperative view of a gunshot injury to the sciatic nerve. (a) Scar tissue involving the nerve. (b) After external neurolysis the main trunk of the nerve as well…
Score Description 1 No rehabilitation at all or less than once per week 2 Rehabilitation more than once weekly, but not at a specialized centre 3 Good progress with a…
Fig. 6.1 Flowchart of the University of Michigan Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy (NBPP) pathway of presurgery decision-making. US Ultrasound, MRI Magnet Resonance Imaging, MUAP Motor Unit Action Potential 6.3 Challenges…
Fig. 20.1 (a) Full-length scoliosis AP x-ray revealing significant coronal (75°) and rotational deformity, along with rotatory subluxation at L3–L4 (yellow arrow). Lateral x-ray demonstrating loss of the normal lumbar…
Fig 32.1 Marking the safe entrance point at the lateral position under the CT scanner Illustrative Case 1 A 57 years old male presented with pain in the low back…
Fig. 11.1 Patient is positioned on a Jackson flat table, secured at multiple points with taping, with a large roll underlying the flank The skin is prepped and draped in…
