Fig. 12.1 Schematic illustrations of (a) embolic occlusion and (b) in situ thrombo-occlusion due to intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis Fig. 12.2 A 56-year-old man presenting with NIHSS score of 15. (a)…
Fig. 13.1 Intraoperative photographs showing embolic occlusion of the intracranial arteries. In Case 1, the occluded segment of the MCA is bluish and firm (a–c), whereas in Case 2, the…
Fig. 7.1 Coagulation cascade. The coagulation cascade has two initial pathways that result in fibrin formation: the contact activation pathway (intrinsic pathway) and the tissue factor pathway (extrinsic pathway). Both…
Fig. 4.1 (a) Photograph shows multiple fragmented clots having a typical appearance of red clots retrieved from a patient with acute ischemic stroke. (b) Microscopic view of a retrieved clot…
Trial Nation Patientage (years) Surgical timing Patient no. (surgicalgroup, medical group) Publication DESTINY Germany 18–60 <36 h 17, 15 Stroke, 2007 DECIMAL France 18–55 <24 h 20, 18 Stroke, 2007…
Study Treatment modality Age criteria (years) Time window Territory NIHSS criteria Vascular imaging Other imaging Number of cases Mean age (years) NIHSS median, (range) or [IQR] Time onset to groin…
Fig. 14.1 Surgical techniques of superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass with encephalo-galeo-duro-synangiosis 14.5 Case Illustration A 23-year-old female presented with motor TIA. Angiography disclosed nearly total occlusion…
Major source Minor source Atrial fibrillation Patent foramen ovale Rheumatic valve disease (mitral stenosis) Atrial septal defect Prosthetic valve Ventricular septal defect Infective endocarditis Calcified aortic stenosis Marantic endocarditis Mitral…
Cardiac disorders Congenital heart diseases, especially cyanotic or complex Endocarditis, aortic/mitral stenosis, cardiac arrhythmia Infections Meningitis, encephalitis, sinusitis, otitis media Vascular disorders/ Moyamoya disease, Takayasu disease, Kawasaki disease Vasculitis Fibromuscular…
Fig. 5.1 Potential effects of hyperglycemia over time on pathophysiological processes involved in development of cerebral ischemia The observed relation between hyperglycemia and poor outcome in patients with ischemic stroke…
