Fig. 24.1 Typical FES stimulation waveforms. (a) Rectangular pulse with exponential charge balance pulse. (b) Biphasic rectangular pulse. (c) Biphasic, rectangular pulse with reduced amplitude, but increased width of charge…

Fig. 17.1 Number of patients in Germany in need of ventilation at the time of hospital discharge 17.2 Epidemiology of Ventilated Patients In a registry of all German-speaking countries, data…

Fig. 22.1 Distribution of the initial (<4 weeks post injury) and chronic (6–12 months post injury) ASIA impairment scale (AIS) grades grouped by the initial (<4 weeks post injury) neurological…

Fig. 14.1 Autonomic cardiovascular control. The cerebral cortex and hypothalamus project to the nuclei of the medulla oblongata, where autonomic cardiovascular control is coordinated and integrated with input from baroreceptors,…

Diseasea Clinical presentation and diagnostic characteristics Myelitis with autoimmune-/immune–mediated CNS disorders Multiple sclerosis (MS) Relapsing or progressive, lesions typically short and laterally localised in the spinal cord, cranial MRI with…

Fig. 15.1 (a) Innervation and neural control of the LUT during the storage phase (Abbreviations: N. nerve, PAG periaqueductal gray, symp. sympathetic, L. lumbar, S sacral, −β 3 beta3-adrenoreceptor inhibition,…

Potentially, any irritant to the abdominal wall and viscera such as  Ulcer  Cholecystitis  Pancreatitis  Hepatitis  Masses  Gastroenteritis  Hemorrhage  Constipation  Bowel obstruction  Superior mesenteric artery syndrome  Tight clothing or materials over…

  C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 Muscles groupsa Elbow flexors Wrist extensors Elbow extensors Finger flexors to the middle finger Small finger abductors Personal independenceb Type, feed Drink, wash, shave,…

10.8.1 X-Ray Imaging This is an X-ray image of EH post spine surgery. You can clearly see her vertebrae, as well as the metal screws and rod that were inserted…

Fig. 3.1 Most common pattern of spinal cord damage in relation to the cross-sectional area affected. (a) Cross section of the intact spinal cord: spinal cord gray matter (gray), dorsal…