Atherosclerotic carotid disease
Figure 5C.1 NASCET degree of stenosis. The distal diameter āDā is the denominator: Degree = (1 ā R/D) Ć 100%. It can be seen that this results in a lower…
NEUROLOGY
Cervical artery vasculitides
Figure 8.1 Color-coded Duplex sonography finding of superficial temporal artery in a normal person (A,B) and in a patient with giant cell arteritis (C,D). (A) and (C) longitudinal view; (B)…
Contribution of Dietary Fat in the Induction of Oxidative Stress
Fig. 7.1 Long-term consumption of Western diet results in the increased production of ROS and neuroinflammation. Tricarboxylic cycle (TCA cycle), Platelet activating factor (PAF), Arachidonic acid (ARA), Nitric oxide (NO),…
Effect of Exercise on Neurodegeneration in Neurological Disorders
Fig. 5.1 Effects of exercise on various parameters related to changes in the brain Since there is very little difference between physical activity (any activity that increases heart rate and…
Biochemical Aspects of Neuroinflammation
Fig. 2.1 Roles of astrocytes in the brain Both astrocytes and microglia play a major role in regulation of neuroinflammation. Microglia invade the brain early in development and take on…
Contribution of Dietary Fat in Neuroinflammation
Fig. 3.1 Chemical structures of n-3, n-6, and monosaturated fatty acids 3.2 Transport and Incorporation of Fatty Acids in the Brain In diet, saturated fatty acids, ARA, and DHA are…
Contribution of Receptors, Transcription Factors, and Genes in the Induction of Neuroinflammation
Fig. 4.1 Cytokines and chemokines associated with neuroinflammation In addition, stimulation of glutamate, cytokine, Toll-like, bradykinin, histamine, dopamine, purinergic, GABA, endothelin, and platelet activating factor (PAF) receptors results in stimulation…
Effect of Exercise on Oxidative Stress in Neurological Disorders
Fig. 10.1 Effect of diet and prolonged exercise-mediated oxidative stress, aging, and environmental and genetic factors on the onset of neurotraumatic and neurodegenerative diseases Plasma membrane (PM), glutamate (Glu), N-methyl…
The Effects of Diet, Exercise, and Sleep on Brain Metabolism and Function
Fig. 1.1 Effects of Western diet consumption on the brain Fig. 1.2 Effect of age, diet, physical inactivity, and genetic and envioronmental factors of the pathogenesis of visceral and neurological…
Contribution of Transcription Factors and Genes in the Induction of Oxidative Stress
Fig. 9.1 Oxidative stress-mediated modulation of transcription factors leads to gene transcription involved in neural cells survival and death. Glutamate (Glu), N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), Phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2),…
