17 Vestibular System Dizziness is one of the most common complaints for which patients seek the attention of a neurologist. Often the underlying disorder causing patients to experience dizziness is…

15 Visual System The visual system transforms visual representations of the external world into patterns of neural activity. As a peripheral receptor organ, the eye contains nonneural elements that transmit…

11 Basal Ganglia The basal ganglia are a collection of five subcortical nuclei located deep in the cerebral hemispheres. They play an important role in the control of posture and…

20 Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system comprises the central and peripheral components of the nervous system that regulate involuntary functions, such as those that are performed by smooth…

19 Motor System The motor system is complex and has many components. The system is composed of both supraspinal and spinal pathways. These may be further broken down into pathways…

12 Limbic System Many structures have been included in various accounts of the limbic system, but for our purpose the limbic system means (1) the limbic lobe, (2) the hippocampal…

16 Auditory System The auditory system consists of the external ear, middle ear, cochlea of the inner ear, cochlear nerve, and central auditory pathways. Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System…

14 Somatosensory System Testing the somatosensory system constitutes one of the most difficult but most important aspects of the neurologic examination. A logical approach to this examination requires an understanding…

10 Hypothalamus Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a small but crucial part of the dien-cephalon that lies below the thalamus and surrounds the lower part of the third ventricle. From ventral…