Fig. 1.1 Hand motor fMRI activation in a patient with two contrast enhancing tumors that both displace the motor gyrus and efface the central sulcus. The red line indicates the position…
Fig. 6.1 Scheme illustrating the nature of fluorescence and how it is visualized A Brief History Historically, the use of a fluorophore for highlighting malignant glioma tissue was first described by…
Fig. 7.1 MRI-compatible surgical suite at Yale New Haven Hospital. Patient positioning and preparation prior to obtaining pre-LITT MRI. Heat delivery is performed under MRI guidance for intra-procedural monitoring and confirmation…
Fig. 4.1 Intraoperative use of ultrasound revealing a hyperechoic lesion representing tumor prior to resection. A hypoechoic area in the center is the carotid artery. The apparatus remains on the field…
Fig. 3.1 Cost of sequencing a single human genome. Sequencing costs have fallen rapidly over the past five years as next-generation technologies become increasingly efficient. Graph is reproduced using data from…
Fig. 2.1 The panels display the new ‘layered’ approach to the diagnosis of malignant gliomas as suggested by the ‘ISN (International Society of Neuropathology) Haarlem consensus guidelines’ and revised World Health…
No patients Histology Extent of resection Median overall survival by group (months) Supportive care (mo) Chemoa (mo) Radiationb (mo) ChemoRTa (mo) BTSG 69–01 [13] (1978) 303 90% GBM, 9%…
NIH clinical trial Type Phase Eligibility criteria Primary outcome Dosing regimen Treatment groups NCT02311920 Checkpt 1 Newly diagnosed GBM Maximum safe dose In addition to TMZ, Arm I receives anti-CTLA4…
Fig. 18.1 Survival rates of glioblastoma patients by age groups [1] Endogenous Risk Factors The cell of origin of glioblastoma is thought to be a neural stem cell (Box 18.1), but risk…
Fig. 10.1 Molecular mechanisms of IDH-associated tumorigenesis. Wild-type IDH1/2 (wtIDH1/2) converts isocitrate (generated through the citric acid (TCA) cycle) into α-KG, producing NADPH in the process. Mutant IDH1/2 (mutIDH1/2) converts isocitrate…
